锥台

錐台
例如:五角錐台與四角錐台
類別錐台
對偶多面體不對稱雙錐體
性質
頂點
歐拉特徵數F=, E=, V= (χ=2)
組成與佈局
面的種類n梯形, 2 个n边形
對稱性
對稱群Cnv, [1,n], (*nn)
特性
凸多面体
圖像
立體圖

不對稱雙錐體
對偶多面體

展開圖
註:為底面邊數 。

棱台几何学中研究的一类多面体,指一个棱锥平行于它的底面的一个平面所截後,截面与底面之间的几何形体。截面也称为棱台的上底面,原来棱锥的底面称为下底面。随着棱锥形状不同,棱台的称呼也不相同,依底面多边形而定,例如底面是正方形的棱台称为方棱台,底面为三角形的棱台称为三棱台,底面为五边形的棱台称为五棱台等等。棱台是平截头体的一类,也是更广义的拟柱体的一种。根据所截的是圆锥还是棱锥,可分为圆台棱台

从棱台的定义可以推知,一个以n边形为底面的棱台,一共有2n顶点n+2个面以及3n条边。棱台的对偶多面体双锥。棱台的对称性取决于原来棱锥。如果原来的棱锥是正棱锥,那么棱台和正多边形有相同的对称结构(同构对称群)。

性质

体积

棱台的体积取决于两底面之间的距离(棱台的高),以及原来棱锥的体积。设為棱台的高,為棱台的上下底面積, 為棱台的体积。由于棱台是由一个平面截去棱锥的一部分(也就是和原来棱锥相似的一个小棱锥)得到,所以计算体积的时候,可以先算出原来棱锥的体积,再减去和它相似的小棱锥的体积。棱锥被平行于底面的平面所截时,截面的面积与底面面积的比,等于小棱锥和原棱锥的高的比的平方。假设原棱锥的高是,那么小棱锥的高是。也就是说:

所以:

棱台的体积等于原棱锥体积减去小棱锥的体积:

对于正棱锥,假设它的底面是正n边形,边长分别为ab,高是h,那么底面积是: 所以它的体积是:

表面积

棱台的侧面展开图是由各个梯形侧面组成的,展开图的面积,就是各个侧面的面积之和,也就是原棱锥的侧面积减去小棱锥的侧面积Sc

,其中是第 i 个侧面的面积。

棱台的表面积等于棱台的侧面积Sc加上底面积S。假设各个梯形侧面的高是hi,底边的长度是aibi,那么棱锥的侧面积:

体积公式

棱台或圆台的体积是原立体图形的体积减去被截去部分的体积:

B1 指一个底面的面积,B2指另一个底面的面积, and h1h2 指原顶点分别到两底面的面积。 考虑到

这个体积也可用平截头体的高 h = h2h1 与两底面面积的希罗平均数表达:

亚历山大里亚的希罗 推导出了这个公式并且凭借它遇到了虚数。[1]

特别地, 圆台的体积是

π 等于 3.14159265...,'R1, R2 是两底面的半径

Pyramidal frustum.

底面为n边形的棱台的体积是

a1a2 是底面的边长。

表面积公式

对于一个正圆台,[2]

Lateral Surface Area指侧面积,Total Surface Area指总面积,R1 and R2 为底面半径,s 为平截头体的斜高。 一个底面为正n边形的正棱台的表面积是

a1a2是两底面的边长。

參見

参考资料

  1. ^ Nahin, Paul. "An Imaginary Tale: The story of the square root of minus one." Princeton University Press. 1998
  2. ^ Mathwords.com: Frustum. [17 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26). 

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