法线

多边形(polygon)及其两個法向量(normal vector)
曲面(surface)上的點與切平面(tangent plane)上的點具有相同的法線(normal)

三维平面法线,或稱法向量(英語:Normal)是垂直于该平面的三维向量。曲面在某点P处的法线为垂直于该点切平面(tangent plane)的向量。

法線是与多边形(polygon)的曲面垂直的理論線,一個平面(plane)存在無限個法向量(normal vector)。在電腦圖學(computer graphics)的領域裡,法線決定著曲面與光源(light source)的浓淡处理(Flat Shading),对于每个点光源位置,其亮度取决于曲面法线的方

法线的计算

对于像三角形这样的多边形来说,多边形两条相互不平行的边的叉积就是多边形的法线。

用方程表示的平面,向量就是其法线。

如果S曲线坐标x(s, t)表示的曲面,其中st实数变量,那么用偏导数叉积表示的法线为

如果曲面S隐函数表示,点集合满足,那么在点处的曲面法线用梯度表示为

如果曲面在某点没有切平面,那么在该点就没有法线。例如,圆锥顶点以及底面的边线处都没有法线,但是圆锥的法线是几乎处处存在的。通常一个满足Lipschitz连续的曲面可以认为法线几乎处处存在。

法线的唯一性

曲面(surface)上的法線向量場(vector field of normals)

曲面法线的法向不具有唯一性(uniqueness),在相反方向的法线也是曲面法线。曲面在三維的邊界(topological boundary)內可以分區出inward-pointing normal 與 outer-pointing normal, 有助於定義出法線唯一方法(unique way)。定向曲面的法线通常按照右手定则来确定。

法线的变换

变换矩阵可以用来变换多边形,也可以变换多边形表面的切向量(tangent vector)。 設 n′W n。我們必須發現 W


W n 垂直(perpendicular)於 M t


很明白的選定 W s.t. , 或 將可以滿足上列的方程式,按需求,再以 垂直於(perpendicular), 或一個 n′ 垂直於 t′

应用

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