四角化菱形三十面體

四角化菱形三十面體
四角化菱形三十面體
(按這裡觀看旋轉模型)
類別卡塔蘭立體
一百二十面體
對偶多面體大斜方截半二十面体
識別
鮑爾斯縮寫
verse-and-dimensions的wikiaBowers acronym
siddykat在维基数据编辑
數學表示法
考克斯特符號
英语Coxeter-Dynkin diagram
node_f1 5 node_f1 3 node_f1 
康威表示法mD 或 dbD
性質
120
180
頂點62
歐拉特徵數F=120, E=180, V=62 (χ=2)
二面角164° 53′ 17′′
arccos(-179-245/241)
組成與佈局
面的種類
不等邊三角形
面的佈局
英语Face configuration
V4.6.10
頂點的種類20個6階頂點
30個4階頂點
12個10階頂點
對稱性
對稱群Ih, H3, [5,3], (*532)
旋轉對稱群
英語Rotation_groups
I, [5,3]+, (532)
圖像
立體圖

大斜方截半二十面体
對偶多面體

展開圖

幾何學中,四角化菱形三十面體又稱為角錐化菱形三十面體(kisrhombic triacontahedron[1]:284)或六角化二十面體(hexakis icosahedron[2]:55)是具有120個面的卡塔蘭立體,並且是阿基米德立體——大斜方截半二十面体對偶多面體[3][4]。這種立體是一個等面圖形,也就是說它每個全等,但組成面不是正多邊形,嚴格來說是不等邊三角形。其外觀有點像膨脹的菱形三十面體:若將菱形三十面體的每個菱形面替換成1個頂點和4個三角形面則會形成四角化菱形三十面體,也可以視為在菱形三十面體的每個面上疊上菱形四角錐來構成,也就是說,四角化菱形三十面體是菱形三十面體的克利多面體。四角化菱形三十面體是阿基米德立體卡塔蘭立體中面數最多的立體,面數最多的阿基米德立體扭棱十二面体有92個面。

如果排除雙錐體雙錐反柱體偏方面體,則在任何其他嚴格凸多面體中,四角化菱形三十面體是每個面都具有相同的形狀的立體中,面數最多的多面體。

若將四角化菱形三十面體投影到球面上,則四角化菱形三十面體定義了15個大圓。巴克敏斯特·富勒使用這15個大圓,以及另外兩個多面體中的10個大圓和6個大圓來定義球面二十面體的31個大圓英语31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron

性質

四角化菱形三十面體共有12018062頂點[5]。在其120個面中,每個面都是全等的不等邊三角形。在其62個頂點中,有20個頂點是6個三角形的公共頂點、30個頂點是4個三角形的公共頂點和12個頂點是10個三角形的公共頂點[6]

面的組成

組成四角化菱形三十面體的面為不等邊三角形。其三個內角分別為[7],其中黃金比例

其中有一個角非常接近直角,但不是直角,因此這個三角形不是直角三角形。其三個邊的邊長比(由短到長)為:[6]

1.3942870166557737040 : 2.19017447980650378252 : 2.5755459331956214849

也就是說,若最短邊長為單位長,則另外兩邊長分別為1.57082039324994[8][6]1.84721359549996[9][6]。這三種邊長的邊在整個立體中各有60條。[6]

二面角

四角化菱形三十面體只有一種二面角,約為164.888度:[6]

2.87783661046122428164.887891908°

頂點座標

四角化菱形三十面體的62個頂點分別落在以下3個集合內:[6]

  • 其中12個頂點的形式為的循環排列,其中為黃金比例。這些頂點之間形成一個正二十面體
  • 其中20個頂點的形式為的循環排列,其中黃金比例。這些頂點之間形成一個正十二面體
  • 剩下的30個頂點為上述32個頂點所構成的菱形三十面體之面心經一個倍率1.065091570621743縮放後的頂點,其中為黃金比例。上述32個頂點之間會構成一個菱形三十面體,這個菱形三十面體的30個面的面心為的循環排列,經由倍率縮放後變為的循環排列,共30個頂點,這30個頂點為四角化菱形三十面體的最後30個頂點。

用途

由於四角化菱形三十面體是等面的120面體,因此可以以此形狀製作120面的骰子[10]通常使用3D列印來製作這種形狀的骰子[11]。自2016年以來,Dice Lab已使用四角化菱形三十面體的模具注塑成型來大規模銷售120面的骰子。[12]據稱120面骰是公正骰子最大的可能面數,雖然可以用無限集合的等面立體(如雙錐體雙錐反柱體偏方面體)來製作更多面數的骰子,但由於這種形狀(更多面的雙錐體雙錐反柱體偏方面體)會導致製成的骰子長時間滾動,因此在現實中並不實用。[13]

作為正十二面體的四角化菱形三十面體,即把正十二面體的每個五邊形面分割成10個三角形的這種形狀可以設計成一種魔術方塊,通常稱為Big Chop。然而如何至製作出這種形狀的魔術方塊目前仍是未解決的問題,目前還沒有令人滿意的設計結構。[14]

Brilliant英语Brilliant (website)的標誌是投影到球面上的四角化菱形三十面體,Brilliant是一個包含理工科相關主題的系列課程的網站。[15]此外由於其等面的特性,加上面數非常多,因此曾被用來建構全球离散格网英语Discrete global grid[16]

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Conway, J.H. and Burgiel, H. and Goodman-Strauss, C. The Symmetries of Things. AK Peters/CRC Recreational Mathematics Series. CRC Press. 2016 [2022-07-23]. ISBN 9781439864890. LCCN 2007046446. (原始内容存档于2022-07-26). 
  2. ^ Alan Holden. Shapes, Space, and Symmetry. New York: Columbia University Press. 1971. 
  3. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Disdyakis Triacontahedron. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. (英语). 
  4. ^ Robert Webb. Disdyakistriacontahedron. software3d.com. [2022-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-02). 
  5. ^ V. Bulatov. disdyakistriacontahedron. bulatov.org. 2009 [2022-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-30). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 David I. McCooey. Catalan Solids: Disdyakis Triacontahedron. [2022-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-14). 
  7. ^ Disdyakis triacontahedron. fillygons.ch. [2022-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-26). 
  8. ^ Wolfram, Stephen. "(3*sqrt(15*(65+19*sqrt(5)))/55)/(sqrt(15*(85−31*sqrt(5)))/11)". from Wolfram Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine, Wolfram Research (英语). 
  9. ^ Wolfram, Stephen. "(2*sqrt(15*(5−sqrt(5)))/5)/(sqrt(15*(85−31*sqrt(5)))/11)". from Wolfram Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine, Wolfram Research (英语). 
  10. ^ The Mind-Boggling Challenge of Designing 120-Sided Dice. wired.com. [2022-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-11). 
  11. ^ Kevin Cook's Dice Collector website: d120 3D printed from Shapeways artist SirisC. dicecollector.com. [2022-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-10). 
  12. ^ d120 and d48. The Dice Lab. (原始内容存档于2016-12-08). 
  13. ^ This D120 is the Largest Mathematically Fair Die Possible | Nerdist. (原始内容存档于2016-05-03). 
  14. ^ Big Chop. twistypuzzles.com. [2022-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-30). 
  15. ^ Brilliant | Learn to think. brilliant.org. [2020-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-22) (美国英语). 
  16. ^ Hall, John and Wecker, Lakin and Ulmer, Benjamin and Samavati, Faramarz. Disdyakis triacontahedron DGGS. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (MDPI). 2020, 9 (5): 315 [2022-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-26). 

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