等面圖形

等面的骰子

幾何學中,等面或稱面可遞是指所有全等幾何圖形。若稱面可遞時,除了所有面都要全等外,其對稱性要是可以在面上傳遞的,即所有的面必須位於相同的對稱軌道內。 換句話說,對於同個幾何體上任何兩個面A和B,透過平移旋轉鏡射這個幾何體將A變換到B時,其仍占有相同的空間區域。因此,公正的骰子皆適合製作成凸等面多面體的形狀。[1]

具備等面特性的多面體通常稱為等面多面體。它們可以透過其面的布局英语face configuration來描述。若一等面多面體同時具有邊可遞(等邊)的特性,則這個多面體是擬正多面體的對偶多面體。一些理論數學家認為這類幾何體是真正的擬正立體,因為它們具有相同的對稱性,但這並不被普遍接受。此外,所有等面多面體都具有偶數的面數。[2]

等面多面體的對偶多面體會具有點可遞(等角)的特性[3]卡塔蘭立體、正雙錐體和正偏方面體均勻多面體對偶都是等面圖形[4],其分別為等角阿基米德體、柱體和反柱體的對偶多體。自身對偶的柏拉圖立體或對偶多面體是另一個柏拉圖立體的柏拉圖立體是頂點、面和邊皆可遞(等角、等邊和等面)的多面體。同時具備等面和等角的多面體稱為稀有多面體[5]

並非所有等環多面體(isozonohedra)[6]都具有面可遞特性。[7]例如菱形二十面體是等環多面體但不具有面可遞特性。[8]

例子

非凸

雙六角錐面的布局英语face configuration為V4.4.6,是非正多面體具有等面特性的例子

等面開羅五邊形鑲嵌面的布局英语face configuration為V3.3.4.3.4

菱形十二面體堆砌是一個等面且等胞的空間填充幾何體例子。

拓撲方形鑲嵌扭曲成螺旋H形狀。

按對稱分類的等面圖形類別

面數 面的
布局
英语Face configuration
類別 名稱 對稱性 階數 共面 非凸
4 V33 柏拉圖立體 正四面體
四角鍥形體英语Tetragonal disphenoid
菱形鍥形體英语Rhombic disphenoid
Td, [3,3], (*332)
D2d, [2+,2], (2*)
D2, [2,2]+, (222)
24
4
4
4
Tetrahedron
6 V34 柏拉圖立體 立方體
三方偏方面體
不對稱三方偏方面體
Oh, [4,3], (*432)
D3d, [2+,6]
(2*3)
D3
[2,3]+, (223)
48
12
12
6
Cube
8 V43 柏拉圖立體 正八面體
雙四角錐
雙菱形錐
四角偏三角面體
Oh, [4,3], (*432)
D4h,[2,4],(*224)
D2h,[2,2],(*222)
D2d,[2+,4],(2*2)
48
16
8
8
Octahedron
12 V35 柏拉圖立體 正十二面體
五角十二面體
五角三四面體
Ih, [5,3], (*532)
Th, [3+,4], (3*2)
T, [3,3]+, (*332)
120
24
12
Dodecahedron
20 V53 柏拉圖立體 正二十面體 Ih, [5,3], (*532) 120 Icosahedron
12 V3.62 卡塔蘭立體 三角化四面體 Td, [3,3], (*332) 24 Triakis tetrahedron
12 V(3.4)2 卡塔蘭立體 菱形十二面體
鸢形十二面体
Oh, [4,3], (*432)
Td, [3,3], (*332)
48
24
Rhombic dodecahedron
24 V3.82 卡塔蘭立體 三角化八面體 Oh, [4,3], (*432) 48 Triakis octahedron
24 V4.62 卡塔蘭立體 四角化立方體 Oh, [4,3], (*432) 48 Tetrakis hexahedron
24 V3.43 卡塔蘭立體 鳶形二十四面體 Oh, [4,3], (*432) 48 Deltoidal icositetrahedron
48 V4.6.8 卡塔蘭立體 四角化菱形十二面體 Oh, [4,3], (*432) 48 Disdyakis dodecahedron
24 V34.4 卡塔蘭立體 五角二十四面體 O, [4,3]+, (432) 24 Pentagonal icositetrahedron
30 V(3.5)2 卡塔蘭立體 菱形三十面體 Ih, [5,3], (*532) 120 Rhombic triacontahedron
60 V3.102 卡塔蘭立體 三角化二十面體 Ih, [5,3], (*532) 120 Triakis icosahedron
60 V5.62 卡塔蘭立體 五角化十二面體 Ih, [5,3], (*532) 120 Pentakis dodecahedron
60 V3.4.5.4 卡塔蘭立體 鳶形六十面體 Ih, [5,3], (*532) 120 Deltoidal hexecontahedron
120 V4.6.10 卡塔蘭立體 四角化菱形三十面體 Ih, [5,3], (*532) 120 Disdyakis triacontahedron
60 V34.5 卡塔蘭立體 五角六十面體 I, [5,3]+, (532) 60 Pentagonal hexecontahedron
2n V33.n 極性 偏方面體
不對稱偏方面體
Dnd, [2+,2n], (2*n)
Dn, [2,n]+, (22n)
4n
2n

2n
4n
V42.n
V42.2n
V42.2n
極性 n角錐
等邊雙2n角錐
2n角偏三角面體
Dnh, [2,n], (*22n)
Dnh, [2,n], (*22n)
Dnd, [2+,2n], (2*n)
4n

k-等面圖形

若一多面體(或更廣義的多胞形)在其對稱性基本域內包含k個面,則稱這個幾何結構為k-等面圖形。[9]

類似地,k-等面鑲嵌圖具有k個單獨的對稱軌道(對於某些m < k的情況,可能包含m個不同形狀的面)。[10]:35

單一面多面體或單一面鑲嵌圖(m = 1)所有的面都全等。這些面不管是原本的面還是鏡射後的面,會出現在一個或多個對稱位置上。[11]:20,23

以下是一些k-等面多面體和k-等面鑲嵌圖的示例,其面的顏色是根據其k個對稱位置上色:

3-等面 4-等面 等面 2-等面
兩種正多邊形面的多面體 單一面多面體
小斜方截半立方体具有一種三角形面和兩種不同對稱位置的正方形面 異相雙四角台塔柱具有一種三角形面和三種不同對稱位置的正方形面 鳶形二十四面體僅有一種類型的面 偽鳶形二十四面體罗马尼亚语Icositetraedru pseudoromboidal具有兩種不同對稱位置的但相同形狀的面
2-等面 4-等面 等面 3-等面
兩種正多邊形面的鑲嵌圖 單一面镶嵌圖英语Monohedral tiling
畢氏鑲嵌英语Pythagorean tiling具有兩種不同尺寸的正方形 3-均勻鑲嵌英语k-uniform tiling具有3種不同對稱位置的但相同形狀的三角形面和一種正方形面 鯡魚骨圖案英语Herringbone pattern具有一種矩形面 五邊形鑲嵌具有3種不同對稱位置的但相同形狀的五邊形面

相關概念

等胞圖形

等胞或稱胞可遞是指所有全等幾何結構。若稱胞可遞時,除了所有胞都要全等外,其對稱性要是可以在胞上傳遞的,即所有的胞必須位於相同的對稱軌道內。 換句話說,對於同個幾何體上任何兩個胞A和B,透過平移、旋轉或鏡射這個幾何體將A變換到B時,其仍占有相同的空間區域。

等胞圖形僅出現在三維堆砌體和四維以及四維以上的幾何體,用來表示這個幾何體的三維元素全部都全等。在三維空間中,反射堆砌體英语Architectonic and catoptric tessellation和均勻堆砌體的對偶都是等胞圖形。四維空間中已知有多達20個胞的等胞圖形。[12]


菱形十二面體堆砌是一個等胞的堆砌體,其由全等的菱形十二面體堆砌而成。

三角三角柱體柱英语3-3_duoprism是一個等胞的四維多胞體,其由6個全等的三角柱構成。

等維面圖形

等維面或稱維面可遞是指所有維面(n維幾何體中的n-1維元素)都全等的幾何圖形。若稱維面可遞時,除了所有維面都要全等外,其對稱性要是可以在維面上傳遞的。等維面圖形的對偶都是等角圖形。根據定義,均勻多胞形的對偶會具有此特性。

  • 等維面的二維圖形是等邊的(邊可遞)
  • 等維面的三維圖形是等面的(面可遞)
  • 等維面的四維圖形是等胞的(胞可遞)

參考文獻

  1. ^ McLean, K. Robin, Dungeons, dragons, and dice, The Mathematical Gazette, 1990, 74 (469): 243–256, JSTOR 3619822, doi:10.2307/3619822 .
  2. ^ Grünbaum, B. On Polyhedra in Having All Faces Congruent. Bull. Research Council Israel. 1960, 8F: 215–218. 
  3. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Dual Polyhedron. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. (英语). 
  4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Isohedron. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. (英语). 
  5. ^ Klitzing, Richard. Noble Polytopes. bendwavy.org. [2021-10-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-09). 
  6. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Isozonohedron. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2019-12-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-12) (英语). 
  7. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Isohedron. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2019-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-05) (英语). 
  8. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Rhombic Icosahedron. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2019-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-12) (英语). 
  9. ^ Socolar, Joshua E. S. Hexagonal Parquet Tilings: k-Isohedral Monotiles with Arbitrarily Large k (corrected PDF). The Mathematical Intelligencer. 2007, 29: 33–38 [2007-09-09]. S2CID 119365079. arXiv:0708.2663可免费查阅. doi:10.1007/bf02986203. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-03). 
  10. ^ Kaplan, C.S. Introductory Tiling Theory for Computer Graphics. Synthesis lectures in computer graphics and animation. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. 2009 [2022-07-12]. ISBN 9781608450176. (原始内容存档于2022-07-14). 
  11. ^ Grünbaum, Branko; Shephard, G. C. Tilings and Patterns需要免费注册. W. H. Freeman. 1987. ISBN 978-0-7167-1193-3. 
  12. ^ Four Dimensional Dice Up To Twenty Sides. polytope.net. (原始内容存档于2022-02-08). 

Read other articles:

Jing-Jin-Ji (JJJ) 京津冀城市群MegalopolisNegaraRepublik Rakyat TiongkokTiongkokHebeiMunisipalitasBeijingTianjinKota-kota prefektur utamaBaodingShijiazhuangTangshanCangzhouLangfangZhangjiakouChengdeQinhuangdaoPemerintahan • Wali kota BeijingChen Jining • Wali kota TianjinZhang Guoqing • Gubernur HebeiXu QinLuas[1] • Total217,156 km2 (83,844 sq mi)Populasi (2016) • Total112 jutaZona waktuUTC+8 (Waktu S...

 

Iterations 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 in the difference-map reconstruction of a grayscale image from its Fourier transform modulus The difference-map algorithm is a search algorithm for general constraint satisfaction problems. It is a meta-algorithm in the sense that it is built from more basic algorithms that perform projections onto constraint sets. From a mathematical perspective, the difference-map algorithm is a dynamical system based on a mapping of Euclidean space. Solutions are encoded...

 

Boing S.p.ALogo Stato Italia Forma societariaSocietà per azioni Fondazione5 novembre 2004 Sede principaleCologno Monzese GruppoMediaset (51%) Warner Bros. Discovery (49%) Persone chiaveMarcello Dolores (amministratore delegato) Silvio Carini (presidente) SettoreMedia Prodotticanali televisivi Dipendenti11-50 (2023) Sito webwww.boingtv.it/ Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Boing S.p.A. è una società italiana in joint venture tra Mediaset e Turner Broadcasting System, costituita...

Saad Haririسعد الدين الحريري Perdana Menteri LebanonMasa jabatan18 November 2016 – 20 Januari 2020PresidenMichel AounPendahuluTammam SalamPenggantiHassan DiabPemimpin Pergerakan Masa DepanPetahanaMulai menjabat 20 April 2005PendahuluRafic HaririPenggantiPetahana Informasi pribadiLahirSa'aduddin Rafiq Al-Hariri18 April 1970 (umur 54)Riyadh, Arab SaudiKebangsaanLebanonPartai politikMovement of the FutureMarch 14 AllianceSuami/istriLara Bashir Al Adem (1998–s...

 

Rubén Botta Nazionalità  Argentina Altezza 165[1] cm Peso 75[1] kg Calcio Ruolo Attaccante, ala Squadra  Talleres (C) Carriera Giovanili 1996-2007 Boca Juniors2008-2009 Tigre Squadre di club1 2009-2013 Tigre61 (5)2013-2014 Inter0 (0)2013-2014→  Livorno0 (0)2014 Inter10 (0)2014-2015→  Chievo21 (0)2015-2017 Pachuca46 (8)2017-2020 San Lorenzo56 (5)2020 Defensa y Justicia7 (1)2020-2021 Sambenedettese24 (8)2021...

 

Historical settlement in Northern Vietnam Thành Hưng Hóa was a fort and settlement in present-day Phú Thọ Province, northern Vietnam.[1] The capture of Hưng Hóa in 1884 was an important French victory in the Tonkin Campaign. References ^ Tradition, Revolution, and Market Economy in a North ... Hy V. Luong - 2010 - Page 37 ... route of attack and counterattack between the French-controlled town of Hưng-Hoá and the major guerrilla base of Thanh-Mai This article about a locatio...

American photographer Pete TurnerTurner circa 1980BornDonald Peter Turner(1934-05-30)May 30, 1934Albany, New York, U.S.DiedSeptember 18, 2017(2017-09-18) (aged 83)Wainscott, New York, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materRochester Institute of TechnologyOccupationPhotographerSpouse Reine Angeli ​(m. 1965⁠–⁠2017)​Children1 Donald Peter Turner (May 30, 1934 – September 18, 2017)[1] was an American photographer. In 1986, Turner pub...

 

RGS5 التراكيب المتوفرة بنك بيانات البروتينOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB قائمة رموز معرفات بنك بيانات البروتين 2CRP المعرفات الأسماء المستعارة RGS5, MST092, MST106, MST129, MSTP032, MSTP092, MSTP106, MSTP129, regulator of G-protein signaling 5, regulator of G protein signaling 5 معرفات خارجية الوراثة المندلية البشرية عبر الإنترنت 603276 MGI: MGI:1098434 HomoloGene...

 

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています(詳細)。 数字の大字(だいじ)は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字(小字)の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券(「壱」が大字) 弐千円日本銀行券(「弐」が大字) 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

Village in Blagoevgrad Province, BulgariaHotovoVillageCountry BulgariaProvinceBlagoevgrad ProvinceMunicipalitySandanskiTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Hotovo is a village in the municipality of Sandanski, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.[1] References ^ Guide Bulgaria, Accessed May 5, 2010 vte Sandanski MunicipalityCapital: SandanskiVillages Belevehchevo Belyovo Bozhdovo Chereshnitsa Damyanitsa Debrene Doleni Dzhigurovo Golem Tsalim Goleshovo Gorna S...

 

1966 Trophées de France Previous 1965 Next 1967 The 1966 Trophées de France season was the 3rd season of the Trophées de France. The season was totally dominated by Brabham. Despite winning the World Championship for Drivers, Jack Brabham found time to win four of the six races to win this title as well. This was done, driving for his own team, Brabham Racing Organisation, piloting either a Brabham BT18, or a BT21. The others two races were won by Denny Hulme, also for racing for the Brab...

 

Area and village in the New Territories, Hong Kong Ting KokTing Kok is located at the foot of the Pat Sin Leng mountain range.Chinese汀角TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTīngjiǎoYue: CantoneseJyutpingding1 gok3 Mo Tai Temple in Ting Kok Village Kandelia obovata at Ting Kok mangrove. Ting Kok is an area and a village in New Territories, the northeastern part of Hong Kong. It is located on the northern shore of Plover Cove[1] and west of Tai Mei Tuk. Administratively, it i...

حزب النداء الديمقراطي المسيحي (بالهولندية: Christen Democratisch Appèl)‏[1]    البلد هولندا  تاريخ التأسيس 11 أكتوبر 1980  قائد الحزب بيرت دي فريس (10 أكتوبر 2001–2 نوفمبر 2002)بيت ستينكامب (25 أبريل 1975–11 أكتوبر 1980)  عدد الأعضاء 29721 [2]  المقر الرئيسي لاهاي[3]  الأيديول...

 

Part of the process of research design An example of operationally defining personal space.[1] In research design, especially in psychology, social sciences, life sciences and physics, operationalization or operationalisation is a process of defining the measurement of a phenomenon which is not directly measurable, though its existence is inferred from other phenomena. Operationalization thus defines a fuzzy concept so as to make it clearly distinguishable, measurable, and understanda...

 

First lady of California (1867-1871) Anna Haight10th First Lady of CaliforniaIn officeDecember 5, 1867 – December 8, 1871Preceded byMollie LowSucceeded byMary McIntire Pacheco Personal detailsBornAnna Bissell(1834-10-02)October 2, 1834St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.DiedMarch 29, 1898(1898-03-29) (aged 63)Oakland, California, U.S.Spouse Henry Huntly Haight ​ ​(m. 1855; died 1878)​Children5 Anna Haight (née Bissell; October 2, 1834 ...

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le droit français. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Article 73 de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 Données clés Présentation Pays France Langue(s) officielle(s) Français Type Article de la Constitution Adoption et entrée en vigueur Législature IIIe législature de la Quatrième République française Gouvernement Charles de Gaulle (3e) Promulgation 4...

 

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi New Hampshire (disambigua). New Hampshirestato federato(EN) State of New Hampshire (dettagli) (dettagli) New Hampshire – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti AmministrazioneCapoluogoConcord GovernatoreChris Sununu (R) dal 2017 Data di istituzione21 giugno 1788 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo43°12′24″N 71°32′17″W43°12′24″N, 71°32′17″W (New Hampshire) Altitudine0 - 1,917 m s.l.m...

 

Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada. Busca fuentes: «Ana Leopóldovna de Mecklemburgo-Schwerin» – noticias · libros · académico · imágenesEste aviso fue puesto el 5 de marzo de 2021. Ana Leopóldovna de Mecklenburg-Schwerin Gran Duquesa Regente de Rusia Ana Leopóldovna de Mecklenburg-Schwerin.Regente de Rusia 20 de noviembre de 1740-6 de diciembre de 1741Información personalNombre completo Isabel Catalina C...

Irish kin-based group Locations of various kin groups, circa 1100.[1] Uí Bairrche (Modern Irish: Uí Bhairrche, pronounced [iː ˈwaːɾˠəçə]) was an Irish kin-based group that originally held lands in the south of the ancient province of Leinster (or Cóiced Laigen the Fifth of the Laigin). Another south Leinster kin group associated with the Uí Bairrche were groups of the Fothairt. The south of Leinster was dominated by the Uí Chennselaig in the 8th century. Uí Bairr...

 

1982 pinball machine Haunted HouseManufacturerGottliebRelease dateOctober 1982SystemSystem 80DesignJohn OsborneArtworkTerry DoerzaphProduction run6,385 Haunted House is a pinball game released in October 31 1982 by Gottlieb. It was the first game with three playfields that the ball can move between, including one below the main playing surface. Haunted House was designed by John Osborne, with artwork by Terry Doerzaph. It is part of Gottlieb’s “System 80” series of pinball machines.[...