^Trudeau, Richard J. Introduction to Graph Theory Corrected, enlarged republication. New York: Dover Pub. 1993: 64 [8 August 2012]. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. (原始内容存档于2019-05-05). Thus a planar graph, when drawn on a flat surface, either has no edge-crossings or can be redrawn without them.