面 (幾何)

立体几何中,立体几何体邊界被称作表面[1][2],更嚴謹地說,是立体几何体的一個平坦表面[3],而不平坦的面通常稱為曲面,而所有表面的總和稱為表面積[4]。在高维度几何以及高维的多胞形中,也被用来指代构成多胞形的一个组成元素,通常會跟隨其維度一同稱呼,例如三維的元素稱為3-面[5]

多边形面

在基础几何学中,是指位於多面體邊界的多邊形[5],換句話說即多面体是一个由多边形构成的三维几何体,构成多面体的这些多边形就被称为[6]。 

例如:正方体有六个面,三棱锥有四个面。广义来说,也可用来指代四多胞形的一个二维边界,就如我们说四维超正方体有24个正方形面。

面的例子
凸正多面體 星形正多面體 正鑲嵌圖 雙曲鑲嵌 四維z多胞體
{4,3} {5/2,5} {4,4} {4,5} {4,3,3}

立方體的每個頂點都是3個正方形面的公共頂點[7]

小星形十二面體的每個頂點都是5個五角星面的公共頂點[8]

正方形鑲嵌的每個頂點都是4個正方形面的公共頂點[9]

五階正方形鑲嵌的每個頂點都是5個正方形面的公共頂點[10]

超立方體的每條邊都是3個正方形面的公共稜[11]

多面体的面的数量

在三维空间中,任何凸多面体欧拉示性数为2。欧拉示性数 可以通过以下公式计算:

[註 1]

以上式子中,V 是顶点的数量,E 是边的数量,F 是面的数量。例如,正方体有12条边,8个顶点和6个面。那么我们可以计算得正方体的欧拉示性数为2。

維面

幾何學中,維面Facet)又稱為超面hyperface[12])是指幾何形狀的組成元素中,比該幾何形狀所在維度少一個維度的元素[13]

多維面

幾何學中,維面一詞前面若加一個整數,則代表一幾何結構中維度為該整數的元素,此概念不應與維面混淆。例如k維面代表幾何結構中維度為k的元素,又稱k面k-面k維元素而在更高維度中,有時會稱為k維胞,這一用法並未限定元素的所屬維度。[5][14][15]例如立方體的多維面包括了空多胞形(負一維面)、頂點(零維面)、邊(一維面)、正方形(二維面,一般稱面)和其本身(三維面,一般稱體)。正式地,對於一個多胞形P,多維面的定義是與一個「不與P內部相交的封閉半空間」的相交幾何結構(如交點、交線或交面等)[5][15]。多胞形中的多維面集合中同時也包含了多胞形本身和空多胞形[14][15]

參見

註釋

  1. ^ 这行式子应理解为: 的定义式是
  2. ^ 在晶体学中有多个面的概念,如反映面是通过反映这一对称操作得到的,用符号P表示,如单斜晶系晶体反映面之数目为1。此外,还有滑移面的概念。
    晶体学中的另一个面的概念是晶体的晶面,可用h, k, l表示,其表示方法如{100}、{010}等。[16]

参考来源

  1. ^ 【表面】. 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. [2019-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-09). 
  2. ^ 【面】. 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. [2019-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-09). 
  3. ^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Eleventh. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 2004. 
  4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Surface Area. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Matoušek, Jiří, Lectures in Discrete Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 212, Springer, 5.3 Faces of a Convex Polytope, p. 86, 2002 [2017-11-11], (原始内容存档于2019-06-10) .
  6. ^ Cromwell, Peter R., Polyhedra, Cambridge University Press: 13, 1999 [2017-11-11], (原始内容存档于2019-06-13) 
  7. ^ Van Cleve, J. Problems from Kant. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780195347012. LCCN 98026825. 
  8. ^ Weber, Matthias. Kepler's small stellated dodecahedron as a Riemann surface 220. 2005: 167–182.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助) pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  9. ^ Tilings and Patterns, from list of 107 isohedral tilings, p.473-481
  10. ^ Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space. The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays. Dover Publications. 1999. ISBN 0-486-40919-8. LCCN 99035678. 
  11. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Hypercube. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. (英语). 
  12. ^ N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) ISBN 978-1-107-10340-5 Chapter 11: Finite symmetry groups, 11.1 Polytopes and Honeycombs, p.225
  13. ^ Matoušek (2002), p. 87; Grünbaum (2003), p. 27; Ziegler (1995), p. 17
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Grünbaum, Branko, Convex Polytopes, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 221 2nd, Springer: 17, 2003 [2019-09-16], (原始内容存档于2013-10-31) .
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Ziegler, Günter M., Lectures on Polytopes, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 152, Springer, Definition 2.1, p. 51, 1995 [2019-09-16], (原始内容存档于2019-06-12) .
  16. ^ 钱逸泰. 结晶化学导论(第3版). 合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社, 2005. ISBN 7-312-01804-1/O·31

Read other articles:

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang film Indonesia tahun 1982. Untuk film Indonesia mendatang, lihat Ratu Ilmu Hitam (film 2019). Ratu Ilmu HitamSutradaraImam TantowiProduserSabirin KasdaniDitulis olehSubagio SamtaniPemeranSuzannaAlan NuariSofia WDTeddy PurbaMien BrodjoW.D. MochtarDoddy SukmaDorman BorismanSiska WidowatiHIM DamsyikPenata musikGatot SudartoSinematograferAsmawiPenyuntingE. Mukhsin HamzahDistributorRapi FilmsTanggal rilis14 Januari 1982Durasi95 menitNegaraIndonesia Ratu Ilm...

 

 

Badan Urusan Konsumen消費者庁Shouhisha-chōGedung Kompleks Pusat No. 4Informasi lembagaDibentuk01 September 2009 (2009-09-01)Wilayah hukum JepangKantor pusatSanno Park Tower 2-11-1 Nagatachō, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Jepang 100-6178Pegawai270MenteriSeiichi Eto, Menteri Negara untuk Urusan Konsumen dan Keamanan PanganAkira Satō, Menteri NegaraHiroshi Andō, Wakil Menteri ParlemenPejabat eksekutifKazumi Okamura, KomisarisLembaga indukKantor KabinetSitus webhttps://www.caa.go.jp/ Badan...

 

 

County in South Hwanghae Province, North KoreaPyŏksŏng County 벽성군CountyKorean transcription(s) • Hanja碧城郡 • McCune-ReischauerPyŏksŏng-gun • Revised RomanizationByeokseong-gunCountryNorth KoreaProvinceSouth Hwanghae ProvinceArea • Total439.9 km2 (169.8 sq mi)Population (2008[1]) • Total90,753 • Density210/km2 (530/sq mi) Pyŏksŏng County is a county in South Hwanghae p...

Pseudoscientific attempts to locate underground objects This article is about the divination method. For other uses, see Dowsing (disambiguation). A dowser, from an 18th-century French book about superstitions Dowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts to locate ground water, buried metals or ores, gemstones, oil, claimed radiations (radiesthesia),[1] gravesites,[2] malign earth vibrations[3] and many other objects and materials without the use of a scientifi...

 

 

The fastest swims recorded at the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships are listed by the championships organisers in a list of records. The events are held in a long course (50 m) pool, with the last championships held in Tokyo, Japan in August 2018. All records were set in finals unless noted otherwise. Men Michael Phelps, record holder in 200 m butterfly and member of both freestyle relay records. Ian Thorpe, previous world record holder in 200 m and 400 m freestyle. Even...

 

 

32°20′22″N 35°40′02″E / 32.339444°N 35.667222°E / 32.339444; 35.667222 مقام الصحابي عكرمة بن أبي جهل تقديم البلد  الأردن مدينة بلدة الوهادنة في محافظة عجلون إحداثيات 32°20′22″N 35°40′02″E / 32.339444°N 35.667222°E / 32.339444; 35.667222   نوع مقام تصنيف ديني الموقع الجغرافي تعديل مصدري - تعدي...

Società storica lombardaIl primo volume del Giornale dell'Archivio Storico Lombardo (1874) AbbreviazioneSSL TipoSocietà storica Fondazione1873 Sede centrale Milano Area di azioneLombardia Sito web e Sito web Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La Società Storica Lombarda è un'associazione di studi storici, umanistici e scientifici costituita a Milano nel 1873 dallo storico milanese Cesare Cantù. È formata da 450 soci e insieme ad altre 30 associazioni di tutte le regioni d'Italia ...

 

 

Main article: 1964 United States presidential election 1964 United States presidential election in California ← 1960 November 3, 1964 (1964-11-03) 1968 → Turnout88.38% (of registered voters) 0.06 pp 66.00% (of eligible voters) 2.77 pp[1]   Nominee Lyndon B. Johnson Barry Goldwater Party Democratic Republican Home state Texas Arizona Running mate Hubert Humphrey William E. Miller Electoral vote 40 0 Popular vote 4,171,877 2...

 

 

American novelist Manil SuriBornJuly 1959 (age 64–65)Bombay, IndiaOccupationNovelist, mathematicianNationalityIndian, AmericanEducationUniversity of BombayCarnegie Mellon University (PhD)Websitemanilsuri.com Manil Suri (born July 1959) is an Indian-American mathematician and writer of a trilogy of novels all named for Hindu gods. His first novel, The Death of Vishnu (2001), which was long-listed for the 2001 Booker Prize, short-listed for the 2002 PEN/Faulkner Award and won th...

Peta pembagian administratif tingkat pertama Uruguay Pembagian administratif Uruguay terdiri atas 19 departemen pada tingkat pertama dan 112 munisipalitas pada tingkat kedua. lbsPembagian administratif Amerika Amerika Utara Amerika Selatan Negara berdaulat Amerika Serikat Antigua dan Barbuda Argentina Bahama Barbados Belize Bolivia Brasil Chili Dominica Republik Dominika Ekuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaika Kanada Kolombia Kosta Rika Kuba Meksiko Nikaragua Panam...

 

 

Election for the governorship of the U.S. state of Indiana 1872 Indiana gubernatorial election ← 1868 October 8, 1872 1876 →   Nominee Thomas A. Hendricks Thomas M. Browne Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 189,424 188,276 Percentage 50.12% 49.82% County resultsHendricks:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Browne:      50–60%    ...

 

 

Species of plant Chinese ephedra(Cao Ma Huang—草麻黄) Ephedra sinica Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Gymnospermae Division: Gnetophyta Class: Gnetopsida Order: Ephedrales Family: Ephedraceae Genus: Ephedra Species: E. sinica Binomial name Ephedra sinicaStapf Synonyms[2] Ephedra flava F.P.Sm. Ephedra ma-huang Tang S.Liu Ephedra sinica (also known as Chinese ephedra or Ma&...

United Arab Emirates TV channel Television channel DKidsCountryUnited Arab EmiratesBroadcast areaUnited Arab EmiratesSaudi ArabiaEgyptLebanonSyriaYemenIraqKuwaitBahrainQatarMoroccoMauritaniaOmanLibyaTunisiaAlgeriaPalestineJordanProgrammingLanguage(s)English ArabicPicture format1080i (HDTV)OwnershipOwnerDiscovery EMEASister channelsDiscovery Channel Discovery Science Discovery Family Investigation Discovery Animal Planet Fatafeat DTXDMAX DLife TLC Quest ArabiyaHistoryLaunched1 August 2016...

 

 

Indian state government Government of MeghalayaStateShillongLegislative branchSpeakerThomas A. SangmaExecutive branchGovernorC. H. VijayashankarChief MinisterConrad SangmaDeputy Chief MinisterPrestone Tynsong Sniawbhalang DharChief SecretaryDonald Phillips Wahlang, IASJudiciaryHigh CourtMeghalaya High CourtChief JusticeS. Vaidyanathan The Government of Meghalaya, also known as the State Government of Meghalaya, is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Meghalaya and its 12 dis...

 

 

Questa voce sull'argomento film drammatici è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Tam tam MayumbePedro Armendariz e Marcello MastroianniPaese di produzioneItalia, Francia Anno1955 Durata95 min Generedrammatico RegiaGian Gaspare Napolitano SoggettoGian Gaspare Napolitano SceneggiaturaDaniele D'Anza, Gian Gaspare Napolitano, Louis Chavance ProduttoreDocumento Film Roma, Franco London Film FotografiaTino Santoni MontaggioMario Serandrei Musi...

2009 American science fiction adventure film RTWM redirects here. For the video game, see Road to WrestleMania. Race to Witch MountainTheatrical release posterDirected byAndy FickmanScreenplay by Matt Lopez Mark Bomback Story byMatt LopezBased onEscape to Witch Mountainby Alexander KeyProduced byAndrew GunnStarring Dwayne Johnson AnnaSophia Robb Carla Gugino Ciarán Hinds Alexander Ludwig Tom Everett Scott Christopher Marquette CinematographyGreg GardinerEdited byDavid RennieMusic byTrevor Ra...

 

 

2008 single by Mylène FarmerAppelle mon numéroSingle by Mylène Farmerfrom the album Point de Suture B-sideInstrumental (CD single)Remix (CD maxi)Released3 November 2008RecordedBrussel (Belgium), 2008GenreElectropop, pop rockLength5:30LabelPolydor, Universal MusicSongwriter(s)Lyrics: Mylène Farmer Music: Laurent BoutonnatProducer(s)Laurent BoutonnatMylène Farmer singles chronology Dégénération (2008) Appelle mon numéro (2008) Si j'avais au moins... (2009) Appelle mon numéro (English...

 

 

Emirati media company Abu Dhabi Media Network شبكة أبو ظبي للإعلامLogo used since 2023Company typestate-owned enterpriseIndustryPublishing, Broadcasting, DigitalFounded4 June 2007; 17 years ago (2007-06-04)HeadquartersAbu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesKey peopleDr. Sultan bin Ahmad Sultan Al Jaber (Chairman)ProductsTV Series, TV Programs, Movies, Magazines, Newspapers, Applications, WebsitesOwnerGovernment of Abu DhabiNumber of employees1,800 (approx.)Subsidiar...

2005 studio album by Buddy GuyBring 'Em InStudio album by Buddy GuyReleasedSeptember 27, 2005StudioBrooklyn Recording, NYC, New York, USA.GenreChicago blues, electric bluesLength60:00LabelJive, SilvertoneProducerSteve JordanBuddy Guy chronology Blues Singer(2003) Bring 'Em In(2005) Skin Deep(2008) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]Blogcritics(positive)[2]Rolling StoneRobert Christgau Bring 'Em In is the 13th studio album by blues musician Buddy Gu...

 

 

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Ukrainian. Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 259 arti...