Acido ippurico

Acido ippurico
formula di struttura e modello molecolare
formula di struttura e modello molecolare
Nome IUPAC
acido benzoilamminoacetico
Nomi alternativi
benzoilglicina
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC9H9NO3
Massa molecolare (u)179,18
Aspettosolido cristallino bianco
Numero CAS495-69-2
Numero EINECS207-806-3
PubChem464
DrugBankDBDB16842
SMILES
C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(=O)NCC(=O)O
Proprietà chimico-fisiche
Costante di dissociazione acida (pKa) a 298 K3,6
Solubilità in acquacompletamente solubile
Temperatura di fusione178 °C (451 K)
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Simboli di rischio chimico
corrosivo irritante
pericolo
Frasi H302 - 315 - 318 - 335
Consigli P261 - 280 - 305+351+338 [1]

L'acido ippurico (dal greco urina di cavallo), noto anche come benzoilglicina, è un acido carbossilico e un'ammide. Può essere visto come l'ammide ottenibile per reazione tra l'acido benzoico ed il gruppo amminico della glicina. Deve il suo nome al fatto di essere stato isolato per la prima volta (nel 1829) dall'urina di equini, da Justus von Liebig[2].

A temperatura ambiente è un solido bianco solubile in acqua, cui impartisce una reazione acida: una soluzione di 10 g/L ha pH compreso tra 2,5 e 3,5. In presenza di basi acquose, subisce una rapida idrolisi ad acido benzoico e glicina.

Sintesi

Può essere sintetizzato in laboratorio per reazione tra glicina e cloruro di benzoile in presenza di NaOH. Si forma così l'ippurato sodico che per acidificazione con HCl in soluzione acquosa lascia depositare l'acido ippurico.

Biochimica

È il prodotto del metabolismo di numerosi composti aromatici, tra cui l'acido benzoico e il toluene. Quest'ultimo deve andare incontro in primo luogo all'ossidazione del gruppo metilico in carbossile e, successivamente, a coniugazione con glicina.

L'acido ippurico si ritrova in elevate quantità nel sangue dei pazienti affetti da insufficienza renale cronica, assieme al suo derivato para-idrossilato (acido p-idrossi-ippurico). Quest'ultimo è ritenuto essere una delle tossine uremiche responsabili del decadimento organico in questa sindrome, in particolare del tessuto cardiaco. Infatti, pare che questa molecola interferisca con il funzionamento della pompa del calcio nel reticolo sarcoplasmatico delle cellule miocardiche e provochi deficit di contrattilità.

Esiste invece un altro derivato, l'acido p-amminoippurico (PAI) che viene usato in medicina per alcuni test di nefrologia. Infatti, questo composto viene efficientemente filtrato a livello glomerulare. Dalla velocità con cui esso viene eliminato si può risalire a certi parametri di efficienza del rene come filtro organico. Ne esiste anche un derivato coniugato con un isotopo radioattivo dell'elemento tulio, che verrà impiegato come nuovo agente dello studio della funzionalità renale in medicina nucleare.

Note

  1. ^ Sigma Aldrich; rev. del 13.03.2010
  2. ^ (EN) History of Drug Metabolism: Discoveries of the Major Pathways in the 19th Century[collegamento interrotto], A.CONTI and M. H. BICKEL, DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS, 6(1), 1-50 (1977): "Only in 1829 did Liebig discover the compound he named hippuric acid because he had isolated it from equine urine, and, in contrast to benzoic acid, it contained nitrogen". Anche: Copia archiviata (PDF), su medvetande.dk. URL consultato il 17 luglio 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 17 dicembre 2014)..

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Animal chemistry: or chemistry in its applications to physiology and pathology, a cura di Justus von Liebig, 1843.
  • Jankowski J et al. Characterization of p-hydroxy-hippuric acid as an inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase in end-stage renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl. 2001 Feb; 78:S84-88.
  • Guan Y, Wu T, Ye J. Determination of uric acid and p-aminohippuric acid in human saliva and urine using capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection: potential application in fast diagnosis of renal disease. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005;821(2):229-34.
  • Brandoni A, Anzai N, Kanai Y, Endou H, Torres AM. Renal elimination of p-aminohippurate (PAH) in response to three days of biliary obstruction in the rat. The role of OAT1 and OAT3. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Jul;1762(7):673-82.
  • Morisaki T et al. Regulation of renal organic ion transporters in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury and uremia in rats. Pharm Res. 2008 Nov; 25(11):2526-33.
  • Jaksić E et al. Clinical investigations of 99mTc-p-aminohippuric acid as a new renal agent. Nucl Med Commun. 2009 Jan;30(1):76-81.

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