Canavanina

Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze.
Canavanina
Struttura chimica della L-canavanina
Struttura chimica della L-canavanina
Nome IUPAC
Acido 2-ammino-4(diamminometildeneammino)ossibutanoico
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC5H12N4O3
Massa molecolare (u)176,17 g/mol
Numero CAS543-38-4
Numero EINECS624-714-2
PubChem439202 e 46224610
DrugBankDBDB01833
SMILES
N[C@@H](CCON=C(N)N)C(O)=O
Proprietà chimico-fisiche
Densità (g/cm3, in c.s.)1,61 g·cm−3
Solubilità in acqua103 g·L−1
Temperatura di fusione184 °C
Temperatura di ebollizione366 °C
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Simboli di rischio chimico
irritante
Frasi H302 - 312 - 332
Consigli P261 - 264 - 270 - 271 - 280 - 301+317 - 302+352 - 304+340 - 317 - 321 - 330 - 362+364 - 501 [1]

La canavanina è un amminoacido non proteinogenico contenuto in alcune leguminose.[2] Essa si accumula principalmente nei semi, dove funziona sia da composto difensivo altamente dannoso contro gli erbivori sia da fonte di azoto per l'embrione in crescita.[3]

Struttura

Strutture chimiche di canavanina (sopra) e arginina (sotto)

La canavanina è strutturalmente molto simile all'amminoacido arginina, con la sola differenza di un atomo di ossigeno, che viene sostituito da CH2 nell'arginina. Questa somiglianza è alla base della tossicità della canavanina in quanto le cellule che la consumano la scambiano per arginina e la integrano nelle proteine, rendendole però non funzionanti. La rimozione dell'amminoacido da una proteina avviene ad opera dell'enzima arginasi, che però produce la molecola canalina, un potente insetticida.

L'enantiomero L, abbondante nell'erba Medicago sativa, si è rivelato essere causa di sintomi riconducibili al lupus eritematoso sistemico, oltre che ad altre malattie autoimmuni. L'arresto del consumo di Medicago sativa inverte il problema.[4][5]

L'enantiomero D è stato osservato essere biologicamente attivo in Manduca sexta, dove causa deformità nello sviluppo larvale, probabilmente a causa della sua inclusione nelle proteine dello sviluppo.[6]

Tolleranza

La tolleranza alla L-canavanina è caratteristica di alcuni erbivori specializzati che probabilmente la metabolizzano in modo efficiente o ne evitano l'incorporazione nelle proteine. Un esempio di tolleranza è quello di Heliothis virescens, che può sopravvivere usando enormi quantità di canavanina. Queste larve evitano meticolosamente l'incorporazione della canavanina nelle proteine, presumibilmente in virtù della selettività del loro enzima arginina-tRNA ligasi, che sintetizza l'arginil-tRNA usando esclusivamente arginina. Al contrario, le larve di Manduca sexta possono tollerare solo piccole quantità (1 µg/kg di peso corporeo) perché la loro arginina-tRNA ligasi ha poca o nessuna capacità discriminatoria.[2] Studi comparativi sull'incorporazione proteica di L-arginina e L-canavanina hanno dimostrato che in Manduca sexta, il rapporto è di circa 3 a 1.

Il coleottero Caryedes brasiliensis è in grado di tollerare bene la canavanina poiché possiede una delle arginina-tRNA ligasi più discriminatorie tra quelle conosciute. Inoltre, questo coleottero utilizza la canavanina come fonte di azoto per sintetizzare i suoi altri amminoacidi. In questo insetto, il livello di L-canavanina radiomarcata incorporata nelle proteine di nuova sintesi è appena misurabile.[7]

Note

  1. ^ https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/275#section=Safety-and-Hazards
  2. ^ a b Rosenthal GA, Dahlman DL, L-Canavanine and protein synthesis in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 83, n. 1, gennaio 1986, pp. 14–8, PMC 322781, PMID 3455753.
  3. ^ (EN) PubChem, L-canavanine, su pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. URL consultato il 23 aprile 2022.
  4. ^ (EN) Anthony Montanaro e Emil J. Bardana, Dietary Amino Acid-Induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, in Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 17, n. 2, 1º maggio 1991, pp. 323–332, DOI:10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00573-1. URL consultato il 23 aprile 2022.
  5. ^ (EN) V Herbert e T S Kasdan, Alfalfa, vitamin E, and autommune disorders, in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 60, n. 4, 1º ottobre 1994, pp. 639–640, DOI:10.1093/ajcn/60.4.639. URL consultato il 23 aprile 2022.
  6. ^ (EN) G. A. Rosenthal, l-Canavanine: a higher plant insecticidal allelochemical, in Amino Acids, vol. 21, n. 3, 1º novembre 2001, pp. 319–330, DOI:10.1007/s007260170017. URL consultato il 23 aprile 2022.
  7. ^ (EN) Gerald A. Rosenthal, Charlie G. Hughes e Daniel H. Janzen, L-Canavanine, a Dietary Nitrogen Source for the Seed Predator Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae), in Science, vol. 217, n. 4557, 23 luglio 1982, pp. 353–355, DOI:10.1126/science.217.4557.353. URL consultato il 23 aprile 2022.

Altri progetti

Read other articles:

Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes Sampul edisi pertamaPengarang Scott Cawthon Kira Breed-Wrisley NegaraAmerika SerikatSeriFive Nights at Freddy'sGenre Horor Misteri Penerbit CreateSpace (Kindle) Scholastic (Paperback) Tanggal terbit 17 Desember 2015 (Kindle) 27 September 2016 (Paperback) Halaman 466 (Kindle) 400 (Paperback) ISBNISBN 978-1338134377Desimal Dewey813.6 Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes adalah novel misteri horor yang ditulis oleh Scott Cawthon dan Kira Br...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Economy of Egypt – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Economy of EgyptCairo, the financial center of EgyptCurrencyEgyptian pound (ISO code: EGP, abbreviation: LE)Fiscal year1 July –...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Gunung KuarTitik tertinggiKetinggian1.773 m (5.817 ft)GeografiLetakPerak Darul Ridzuan, Semenanjung MalaysiaGunung Kuar yang terletak di Malaysia memiliki ketinggian 1.773 meter (5.815 kaki). Gunung Kuar memiliki hutan Hill Dipterocarp, hutan...

English cook and television personality (1943–2009) Keith FloydFloyd in 2003Born28 December 1943 (1943-12-28)Sulhamstead, Berkshire, EnglandDied14 September 2009(2009-09-14) (aged 65)[1]Dorchester, Dorset, EnglandOccupationsCelebrity cheftelevision personalitybusinessmanrestaurateurauthorYears active1984–2009Spouse(s)Jesmond Ruttledge (divorced)Julie Hatcher (divorced) Shaunagh Mullett ​ ​(m. 1991; div. 1994)​ Teresa S...

 

For related races, see 1980 United States gubernatorial elections. 1980 Vermont gubernatorial election ← 1978 November 4, 1980 (1980-11-04) 1982 →   Nominee Richard Snelling M. Jerome Diamond Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 123,229 76,826 Percentage 58.7% 36.6% County resultsSnelling:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%Diamond:      ...

 

هذه المقالة غير مكتملة، وينقصه تغطية قطاع الإتصالات الخليوية، تاريخه، علاقته بالبنية التحتية والملكية. فضلًا ساعد في تطويرها بإضافة مزيدٍ من المعلومات. للبنان رمز الإتصال الدولي +961 والنطاق .lb بين أسماء النطاقات العليا في نطاقات الإنترنت. وتتحكم «أوجيرو»، اليد التنفيذية �...

City in Utah, United States This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hurricane, Utah – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) For other uses, see Hurricane (disambiguation). City in Utah, United StatesHurricane, UtahCityCity of ...

 

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды�...

 

1990 book by Judith Butler This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: search keyword(s) – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) ...

هذه المقالة عن المجموعة العرقية الأتراك وليس عن من يحملون جنسية الجمهورية التركية أتراكTürkler (بالتركية) التعداد الكليالتعداد 70~83 مليون نسمةمناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد  القائمة ... تركياألمانياسورياالعراقبلغارياالولايات المتحدةفرنساالمملكة المتحدةهولنداالنمساأسترالي�...

 

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言,清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日(哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統) 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

Grande colonnade de PalmyrePrésentationType ColonnadePartie de PalmyreStyle Greco-romainMatériau pierreConstruction Vers 158Patrimonialité  Patrimoine mondial (1980, au titre du site de Palmyre)LocalisationPays SyrieGouvernorat HomsDistrict TadmorVille TadmorCoordonnées 34° 33′ 02″ N, 38° 16′ 07″ Emodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata La Grande colonnade de Palmyre est la principale avenue à colonnade de la cité antique de Palmyre d...

Building in Súdwest-FryslânDe Oegekloostermolen, HartwerdDe Oegekloostermolen, December 2008OriginMill nameDe OegekloostermolenMill locationKloosterweg 5, 8741 KB HartwerdCoordinates53°04′00″N 5°33′35″E / 53.06667°N 5.55972°E / 53.06667; 5.55972Operator(s)Stichting De Fryske MoleYear builtEarly 19th centuryInformationPurposeDrainage millTypeHollow Post millRoundhouse storeysSingle storey roundhouseNo. of sailsFour sailsType of sailsCommon sailsWindshaftWo...

 

Публикация в журнале «Крокодил» 20 марта 1953 года «Пиня из Жмеринки» — фельетон советского писателя Василия Ардаматского, опубликованный в журнале «Крокодил» 20 марта 1953 года. Публикация состоялась на пике сфабрикованного «Дела врачей» уже после смерти Сталина. Больши...

 

2013 industrial building collapse in Savar, Bangladesh For the 2005 collapse of a garment factory in Dhaka, see 2005 Dhaka garment factory collapse. Rana Plaza CollapseSide view of the collapsed buildingDate24 April 2013 (11 years ago)Time08:45 am BST (UTC+06:00)[1]LocationSavar Upazila, Dhaka District, BangladeshCoordinates23°50′46″N 90°15′27″E / 23.84611°N 90.25750°E / 23.84611; 90.25750Also known asSavar building collapseDeaths1,134[2 ...

Fresno Ciudad BanderaEscudo Otros nombres: Fresno, the All American City FresnoLocalización de Fresno en California FresnoLocalización de Fresno en Estados UnidosCoordenadas 36°46′54″N 119°47′32″O / 36.781666666667, -119.79222222222Entidad Ciudad • País  Estados Unidos • Estado  California • Condado FresnoAlcalde Ashley SwearenginSuperficie   • Total 271.4 km² • Tierra 270,3 km² • Agua 1,1 km²Altitud ...

 

Type of Iron Age drystone hollow-walled structure For other uses, see Broch (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Broch – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Broch of Mousa In archaeology, a broch /brɒx/ is an Iron...

 

Zambia en los Juegos Olímpicos Bandera de ZambiaCódigo COI ZAMCON Comité Olímpico Nacional de ZambiaJuegos Olímpicos de México 1968Deportistas 7 en 2 deportesMedallas 0 0 0 0 Historia olímpicaJuegos de verano 1964* • 1968 • 1972 • 1976 • 1980 • 1984 • 1988 • 1992 • 1996 • 2000 • 2004 • 2008 • 2012 • 2016 • 2020 • *Part...

Rapid transit system in Venezuela This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2019) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (May 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, bu...

 

Regional African Satellite Communication OrganizationAbbreviationRASCOMPurposeTo provide telecommunication services, direct TV broadcast services and Internet access in rural areas of Africa The Regional African Satellite Communication Organization (RASCOM) will provide telecommunication services, direct TV broadcast services and Internet access in rural areas of Africa. Under an agreement with RASCOM, RascomStar-QAF (a private company registered in Mauritius) will implement RASCOM's first 14...