Acido α-eleostearico

Acido α-eleostearico
acido α-eleostearico
acido α-eleostearico
Nome IUPAC
Acido 9Z,11E,13E-octadecatrienoico
Abbreviazioni
18:3Δ9c,11t,13t
Nomi alternativi
9,11,13-acido linolenico coniugato
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC18H30O2
Massa molecolare (u)278,436
Numero CAS506-23-0
Numero EINECS208-029-2
PubChem5281115
SMILES
O=C(O)CCCCCCC/C=C\C=C\C=C\CCCC
Proprietà chimico-fisiche
Temperatura di fusione48 °C
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Frasi H---
Consigli P---

L'acido α-eleostearico è un acido grasso coniugato omega 5 con 18 atomi di carbonio e 3 doppi legami in configurazione cis, trans, trans, descritto in notazione delta come 18:3Δ9c,11t,13t. Rientrerebbe nel gruppo degli acidi linolenici coniugati ed è stato individuato negli oli di semi di una grande varietà di piante[1][2]. Si trova in concentrazioni rilevanti in alcuni oli vegetali:

Oli vegetali con concentrazioni significative di acido α-eleostearico[2][3]
nome pianta famiglia concentrazione tipica (%)
Aleurites fordii Euphorbiaceae 65
Ricinocarpus bowmanii Euphorbiaceae 60
Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae 60
Valeriana officinalis Valerianaceae 40
Parinarium laurinum Chrysobalanaceae 30
Prunus mahaleb L. Rosaceae 20

Di questi solo l'olio di tung estratto dai semi di Aleurites fordii è disponibile commercialmente ed ha avuto un utilizzo industriale come olio siccativo[1][2] . Negli stessi oli, in alcuni casi, è stato individuato anche l'isomero tutto trans, acido β-eleostearico, 18:3Δ9t,11t,13t[3].

Biosintesi

L'acido α-eleostearico si forma dall'acido oleico e dall'acido linoleico per azione combinata di enzimi desaturasi e coniugasi (FADX). Questi ultimi omologhi della Δ12-oleate desaturasi (FAD2), catalizzano la trasformazione di un doppio legame cis in 2 legami trans [4][5][6].

L'acido α-eleostearico può rappresentare il 60% dell'olio di semi di zucchina amara, Momordica charantia.

Effetti sulla salute

All'acido α-eleostearico vengono attribuiti alcuni degli effetti sulla salute dell'acido linoleico coniugato. Nei ratti l'acido α-eleostearico viene rapidamente convertito in acido linoleico coniugato[7]. Gli effetti più significativi e discussi sarebbero[8]:

Note

  1. ^ a b Gunstone, F.D e al., The Lipid Handbook, CRC Press, 2007.
  2. ^ a b c Cyberlipid: POLYENOIC FATTY ACIDS, su cyberlipid.org. URL consultato il 1º febbraio 2017 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 settembre 2018).
  3. ^ a b Max Rubner-Institute, database “Seed Oil Fatty Acids”, su sofa.mri.bund.de. URL consultato il 1º febbraio 2017 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 novembre 2018).
  4. ^ John M. Dyer , Dorselyn C. Chapital1, Jui-Chang W. Kuan, Robert T. Mullen, Charlotta Turner, Thomas A. McKeon, Armand B. Pepperman, Molecular Analysis of a Bifunctional Fatty Acid Conjugase/Desaturase from Tung. Implications for the Evolution of Plant Fatty Acid Diversity, in Plant Physiology, vol. 130, n. 4, novembre 2002, pp. 2027-2038.
  5. ^ Rawat R, Yu XH, Sweet M, Shanklin J., Conjugated fatty acid synthesis: residues 111 and 115 influence product partitioning of Momordica charantia conjugase., in J Biol Chem., vol. 287, n. 20, maggio 2012, pp. 16230-7.
  6. ^ Iwabuchi M1, Kohno-Murase J, Imamura J., Delta 12-oleate desaturase-related enzymes associated with formation of conjugated trans-delta 11, cis-delta 13 double bonds., in J Biol Chem., vol. 278, n. 7, 14 febbraio 2003, pp. 4603-10.
  7. ^ Tsuyoshi Tsuzuki, Yoshiko Tokuyama, Miki Igarashi, Kiyotaka Nakagawa, Yusuke Ohsaki, Michio Komai, , Teruo Miyazawa, α-Eleostearic Acid (9Z11E13E-18:3) Is Quickly Converted to Conjugated Linoleic Acid (9Z11E-18:2) in Rats, in J. Nutr., vol. 134, n. 10, ottobre 2004, pp. 2634-2639. URL consultato il 1º febbraio 2017 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 dicembre 2016).
  8. ^ Hennessy, A.A., Ross, R.P., Devery, R., Stantons, C., The health promoting properties of the conjugated isomers of alpha-linolenic acid., in Lipids, 46l, 2011, pp. 105–119.
  9. ^ T. Tsuzuki, Y. Tokuyama, M. Igarashi, e al., Tumor growth suppression by a α-eleostearic acid, linolenic acid isomer with a conjugated triene system, via lipid peroxidation., in Carcinogenesis, vol. 25, n. 8, 2004, pp. 1417-1425.
  10. ^ Tsuyoshi Tsuzuk , Yuki Kawakami, Tumor angiogenesis suppression by a-eleostearic acid, a linolenic acid isomer with a conjugated triene system, via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PDF), in Carcinogenesis, vol. 29, n. 4, 2008, pp. 797–806. URL consultato il 1º febbraio 2017 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 marzo 2019).
  11. ^ Grossmann, M.E., Mizuno, N.K., Dammen, M.L., Schuster, T., Ray, A., Clearys, M.P., Eleostearic Acid inhibits breast cancer proliferation by means of an oxidation-dependent mechanism., in Cancer Prev. Res., 2l, 2009, pp. 879–886.
  12. ^ Obitsu, K Sakata, R Teshima. K Kondo, Eleostearic acid induces RIP1-mediated atypical apoptosis in a kinase-independent manner via ERK phosphorylation, ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction Cell Death and Disease, 2013Rivista=Nature.
  13. ^ Y. Yasui, M. Hosokawa, T. Sahara, e al., Bitter gourd seed fatty acid rich in 9c,11t,13t-conjugated linolenic acid induces apoptosis and up-regulates the GADD45, p53 and PPARγ in human colon cancer caco-2 cells., in Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, vol. 75, 2005, pp. 113-119.
  14. ^ Chou, Y.C., Su, H.M., Lai, T.W., Chyuan, J.H., Chaos, P.M., cis-9, trans-11, trans-13-Conjugated linolenic acid induces apoptosis and sustained ERK phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes., in Nutrition, 28l, 2012, pp. 803–811.

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