彎龍屬

弯龙属
化石时期:晚侏罗世156.3–146.8 Ma
位于日本的骨骼重建
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 鸟臀目 Ornithischia
亚目: 鸟脚亚目 Ornithopoda
演化支 橡树龙形态类 Dryomorpha
演化支 直拇指龍類 Ankylopollexia
总科: 弯龙超科 Camptosauroidea
Marsh, 1885
科: 弯龙科 Camptosauridae
Marsh, 1885
属: 弯龙属 Camptosaurus
Marsh, 1885
模式種
全异弯龙
Camptonotus dispar

Marsh, 1879
其它物种
異名

弯龙属名Camptosaurus,发音:/ˌkæmptəˈsɔːrəs/ KAMP-tə-SOR-əs)是一植食性的有喙鸟臀目恐龙,生存于晚侏罗世北美可能还有欧洲[1]

属名分别取自古希腊语καμπτοςkamptos(意为“弯曲的”)和σαυροςsauros(意为“蜥蜴”),意为“可弯曲的蜥蜴”。

描述

复原图

弯龙是种体格粗壮的动物,拥有强健的后肢和仍有四趾的宽脚。[2]由于犹他齿龙独立建属,因此莫里逊组中哪些材料属于弯龙已成问题。13号采石场的全异弯龙标本无疑是从很深的地层中发现,地质年龄可能追溯到卡洛维阶牛津阶[3]较年轻地层中的最大碎片表明成年个体体长超过7.9米(26英尺)、臀高超过2米(6.6英尺)。[4]然而13号采石场个体的体型更小,被描述为长6米(20英尺)、重785至874公斤(1,731至1,927英磅)。[5]2010年,格雷戈里·保罗英语Gregory S. Paul(Gregory Paul)给出更低的估计值:长5米、重半吨。[6]

早期重建(如马什和吉尔摩的重建)是基于众神花园龙的颅骨,使弯龙头部显示出更方的错误轮廓。颅骨实际上呈三角形,具有尖吻及喙状嘴。与莫里逊组的其它真鸟脚类相比,弯龙下颌齿排列更紧凑,[5]约翰·福斯特(John Foster)将其描述为“侧面有较厚的中嵴,边缘有小齿”,这些特征与弯龙相似,但发育更良好。[5]弯龙牙齿通常出现大量磨损,表明其饮食中含有坚硬植被。[5]

发现历史

马什制作的早期骨骼重建,颅骨基于现在归入众神花园龙的材料

1879年9月4日,威廉·哈洛·里德英语William Harlow Reed(William Harlow Reed)在怀俄明州奥尔巴尼县发现一具小型真鸟脚类残骸。同年,奥塞内尔·查利斯·马什(Othniel Charles Marsh)教授将其描述并命名为弯背龙(Camptonotus)。属名取自希腊语κάμπτω(“弯曲”)和νῶτον(“背”),意为“可弯曲的背”,指骶椎推测具有灵活性。正模标本YPM 1877为部分骨骼。[7]1885年,马什将“弯背龙”更名为弯龙(Camptosaurus),因为原名已用于命名某种蟋蟀[8]1879年,马什将从化石猎人手中得到的莫里逊组怀俄明州科摩崖英语Como Bluff附近13号采石场的材料命名为全异弯龙(C. dispar,即模式种),并将亚瑟·雷克斯英语Arthur Lakes(Arthur Lakes)在1A采石场发现的脚部化石YPM 1879命名为强壮弯龙(C. amplus),后者已被证实属于异特龙[2][9]在整个19世纪80及90年代,马什继续从13号采石场接收标本,并于1894年根据体型差异命名另外两个物种:中型弯龙(C. medius)和侏儒弯龙(C. nanus)。[10]1909年,查尔斯·惠特尼·吉尔摩(Charles W. Gilmore)在对标本作重新描述时又命名两个物种:布氏弯龙(C. browni)和扁平弯龙(C. depressus)。[11]在莫里逊组,弯龙化石出现于第2至第6地层带。[12]

美国自然历史博物馆过时的侏儒弯龙骨架,目前被视为全异种的不同生长阶段

1980年,彼得·加尔东(Peter Galton)和H·P·鲍威尔(H. P. Powell)在普氏弯龙(C. prestwichi)的重新描述中将侏儒种、中型种及布氏种视为更大的全异种的不同生长阶段或不同性别,因此只有全异弯龙是有效种。[2]他们还将颅骨YPM 1887归入全异种,该化石于1886年被马什归入强壮种,之后被吉尔摩再次确认。吉尔摩曾用该颅骨描述弯龙颅骨,但后来被布瑞尔和卡彭特证实不属于弯龙,并于2007年创建独立属种克氏众神花园龙[13]

米兰自然历史博物馆英语Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano过时四足姿势的弯龙骨架,并装有众神花园龙颅骨

南达科他州热泉附近的拉科塔组英语Lakota Formation发现扁平弯龙化石。1909年,查尔斯·吉尔摩根据正模标本兼唯一已知标本USNM 4753――一块破碎的颅后骨骼――对其进行描述,其特征是“髂骨狭窄或凹陷”。[11]卡彭特和威尔逊(2008年)根据髂骨与毒扁臀龙正模标本间的相似性而将其更名为扁平扁臀龙。[3] 然而,麦克唐纳及其同事(2010年)和麦克唐纳(2011年)发现扁平种的水平髋臼后突更可能是化石变形的结果,[14]并为其建立新属峡谷龙[15]2008年,卡彭特和威尔逊根据恐龙国家纪念公园的标本命名新种隐士弯龙(C. aphanoecetes),[3]其与全异种的区别在于下颌骨、更短的颈椎、更直且末端有一小“脚”的坐骨。安德鲁·麦克唐纳(Andrew McDonald)和同事2010年的分析表明隐士种与衍生禽龙类(硬棘龙类)关系更近。[14]隐士种现已建立新属犹他齿龙[15]

怀俄明州骨舱采石场英语Bone Cabin Quarry的颅骨模型

当马什描述北美弯龙物种时,欧洲也有大量物种于19世纪末和20世纪初归入本属,包括尹氏弯龙(C. inkeyi)、霍氏弯龙(C. hoggii)、利氏弯龙(C. leedsi)、普氏弯龙(C. prestwichi)及凡登弯龙(C. valdensis)。尹氏种(Nopcsa, 1900)化石由罗马尼亚哈采格盆地英语Haţeg Basin晚白垩世地层中的齿骨和关节等零散材料组成,几乎可以确认属于凹齿龙科,现已不再被视为有效(疑名)。[16]凡登种是种可疑的橡树龙科,[17]正模标本兼唯一标本NHMUK R167是一截保存不好、远端缺失的左股骨,因此很难与其它橡树龙科比较(包括同期共存的小沟旷野龙)。[15]利氏种可能是橡树龙科的有效属之一,现已成为独立属卡洛夫龙[18]霍氏弯种最初由理查德·欧文(Richard Owen)于1874年命名为霍氏禽龙,并于2002年被诺曼和巴雷特归入弯龙,[19]后来独立为新属欧文齿龙[17]

另一欧洲物种称作普氏弯龙(C. prestwichii),化石出自英国牛津郡赫斯特山英语Hurst Hill, Oxfordshire的查利砖坑(Chawley Brick Pits),是在一辆电车驶入山坡时被人发现。1880年,赫克将其命名为普氏弯龙,之后丝莱于1888年将其建立为新属库姆纳龙,但很快被莱德克于次年归入弯龙。[20]然而,耐许和马提尔(2008年)、麦克唐纳及同事(2010年)和麦克唐纳(2011年)先后发现丝莱之前独立建属的有效性。库姆纳龙已被发现是种硬棘龙类,与衍生禽龙类的关系比弯龙更近,情况类似犹他齿龙[14][15]

2022年,首批确认属于弯龙未定近似种的欧洲遗骸由桑切斯-费诺罗萨等人正式描述。[1]西班牙维拉-德-阿索维斯波组英语Villar del Arzobispo Formation组富恩特西利亚段(Fuentecillas member)发现了一件标本,由一个前段颈椎椎体、一个前段背椎椎体、一个背骶椎体、四个骶骨椎体、一个尾骶椎体、两个前段尾椎椎体、三个中段尾椎椎体及左肱骨远端的一块碎片。富恩特西利亚标本被认为更近似于葡萄牙侏罗纪的弯龙而非龙爪龙[21]因此被暂时归入弯龙。[1]

分类

1885年,马什为该属建立单独的弯龙科(Camptosauridae),而一些研究者认为它是禽龙科的早期成员。

现代研究将弯龙归入直姆指龙类演化支,并确认为该演化支的基干成员,表明该属与后来禽龙类鸭嘴龙科的祖先关系密切,并且较同时期的橡树龙德林克龙奥斯尼尔洛龙更为衍生。[5]

麦克唐纳及其同事2010年和2011年系统发育分析中本属的位置如下:[15][22]

六种鸟脚类恐龙的复原图,弯龙在最左边
直姆指龙类 Ankylopollexia

弯龙属 Camptosaurus

硬棘龙类 Styracosterna

犹他齿龙属 Uteodon

马龙属 Hippodraco

众神花园龙属 Theiophytalia

鬣蜥巨龙属 Iguanacolossus

兰州龙属 Lanzhousaurus

库克菲尔德龙属 Kukufeldia

重髂龙属 Barilium

鸭嘴龙形类 Hadrosauriformes

古生物学

弯龙(蓝)与人类及其它禽龙类的体型比较

根据对其它禽龙类的研究,科学家认为其奔跑速度可能已达到每小时25公里(16英里)。[5]犹他州恐龙国家纪念公园莫里逊组发现了一个9英寸(230毫米)的微型胚胎化石,现已归入弯龙。[5]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cubells-Alarcó, M.; Verdú, F. J.; Suñer, M.; de Santisteban, C. Tracing Late Jurassic ornithopod diversity in the eastern Iberian Peninsula: Camptosaurus-like postcranial remains from Alpuente (Valencia, Spain). Journal of Iberian Geology. 2022-01-08. ISSN 1698-6180. doi:10.1007/s41513-021-00182-z (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Galton, P.M.; Powell, H.P. The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England. Palaeontology. 1980, 23: 411–443. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Carpenter, K.; Wilson, Y. A new species of Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, and a biomechanical analysis of its forelimb. Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 2008, 76 (4): 227–263. doi:10.2992/0097-4463(2008)76[227:ansoco]2.0.co;2. 
  4. ^ Erickson, Bruce R. Dinosaurs of the Science Museum of Minnesota. St. Paul, Minnesota: The Science Museum of Minnesota. 2003: 33. ISBN 978-0-911338-54-6. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Foster, J. (2007). "Camptosaurus dispar." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. p. 219-221.
  6. ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 284
  7. ^ Marsh, O.C. Notice of new Jurassic reptiles. American Journal of Science and Arts. 1879, 18 (108): 501–505 [2022-05-13]. Bibcode:1879AmJS...18..501M. S2CID 131001110. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-18.108.501. (原始内容存档于2022-05-13). 
  8. ^ Marsh, O.C. Names of extinct reptiles. American Journal of Science. 1885, 29: 169. 
  9. ^ Bakker, R.T. Dinosaur mid-life crisis: the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition in Wyoming and Colorado. Lucas, S.G.; Kirkland, J.I.; Estep, J.W. (编). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems 14. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 1998: 67–77. 
  10. ^ Marsh, O.C. The typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic. American Journal of Science. 3. 1894, 48 (283): 85–90 [2022-05-13]. Bibcode:1894AmJS...48...85M. S2CID 130777820. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-48.283.85. (原始内容存档于2021-07-24). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Gilmore, C.W. Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 1909, 36 (1666): 197–332 [2022-05-13]. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.36-1666.197. (原始内容存档于2022-03-15). 
  12. ^ Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.
  13. ^ Brill, K.; K. Carpenter. A description of a new ornithopod from the Lytle Member of the Purgatoire Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and a reassessment of the skull of Camptosaurus. Carpenter, Kenneth (编). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 2007: 49–67. ISBN 978-0-253-34817-3. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 McDonald, A.T.; Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D.; Madsen, S.K.; Cavin, J.; Milner, A.R.C.; Panzarin, L. New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (11): e14075. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514075M. PMC 2989904可免费查阅. PMID 21124919. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075可免费查阅. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Andrew T. McDonald. The taxonomy of species assigned to Camptosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 2783: 52–68 [2022-05-13]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2783.1.4. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-12). 
  16. ^ Sachs, S.; Hornung, J.J. Juvenile ornithopod (Dinosauria: Rhabdodontidae) remains from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Campanian, Gosau Group) of Muthmannsdorf (Lower Austria). Geobios. 2006, 39 (3): 415–425. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2005.01.003. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Galton, Peter M. Notes on Neocomian (Late Cretaceous) ornithopod dinosaurs from England - Hypsilophodon, Valdosaurus, "Camptosaurus", "Iguanodon" – and referred specimens from Romania and elsewhere. Revue de Paléobiologie. 2009, 28 (1): 211–273. 
  18. ^ Ruiz-Omeñaca, José Ignacio; Pereda Suberbiola, Xabier; Galton, Peter M. Callovosaurus leedsi, the earliest dryosaurid dinosaur (Ornithischia: Euornithopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Carpenter, Kenneth (编). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 2007: 3–16. ISBN 978-0-253-34817-3. 
  19. ^ Norman D.B. and Barrett, P.M. 2002. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England. Palaeontology 68:161-189
  20. ^ Benton MJ, Spencer PS. Fossil Reptiles of Great Britain. Chapman & Hall. 1995. ISBN 978-0-412-62040-9. 
  21. ^ Mateus, Octávio; Telles Antunes, Miguel. Draconyx loureiroi, a new camptosauridae (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Late Jurassic of Lourinhã, Portugal. Annales de Paléontologie. January 2001, 87 (1): 61–73 [2022-05-13]. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(01)88003-4. (原始内容存档于2018-06-23) (英语). 
  22. ^ McDonald, A.T.; Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D.; Madsen, S.K.; Cavin, J.; Milner, A.R.C.; Panzarin, L. New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (11): e14075. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514075M. PMC 2989904可免费查阅. PMID 21124919. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075可免费查阅. 

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جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالمطبخ العربي حسب البلد الجزيرة العربية البحرين الإمارات الكويت سلطنة عمان قطر السعودية اليمن المغرب الكبير الجزائر ليبيا موريتانيا المغرب تونس الشام العراق الأردن لبنان فلسطين سوريا نهر النيل مصر السودان القرن الأفريقي جيبوتي الصومال المحيط اله�...

61st Filmfare Awards SouthMahesh Babu receiving Best Actor – Telugu Award at the Award distribution function from Tamannaah for his performance in the film Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle ChettuDate12 July 2014SiteChennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaHosted byRahul RavindranChinmayiProduced byIdea CellularHighlightsBest PictureMyna (Kannada)Drishyam (Malayalam)Thanga Meenkal (Tamil)Attarintiki Daredi (Telugu)Most awardsAtharintiki Daaredi (four; Telugu)Kadal (four; Tamil)Most nominationsAtharintiki Daared...

2018 American film by Spike Lee For the 1966 film, see The Black Klansman. For other uses, see Black Klansman (disambiguation). BlacKkKlansmanTheatrical release posterDirected bySpike LeeWritten byCharlie WachtelDavid RabinowitzKevin WillmottSpike LeeBased onBlack Klansmanby Ron StallworthProduced byJason BlumSpike LeeRaymond MansfieldSean McKittrickJordan PeeleShaun RedickStarring John David Washington Adam Driver Laura Harrier Topher Grace CinematographyChayse IrvinEdited byBarry Alexander ...

Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaBardwell ParkSydney, New South WalesHartill-Law Avenue (eastern side shops) in 2006.Bardwell ParkPopulation2,242 (2016 census)[1]Postcode(s)2207Location12 km (7 mi) south-west of Sydney CBDLGA(s)Bayside CouncilState electorate(s)RockdaleFederal division(s)Barton Suburbs around Bardwell Park: Earlwood Earlwood Earlwood Bexley North Bardwell Park Turrella Bexley North Bardwell Valley Bardwell Valley Hartill-Law Avenue (west...

Football clubPanargiakosFull namePanargiakos Athlitkos Podosfairikos OmilosNickname(s)WolvesFounded1926; 97 years ago (1926)GroundArgos Municipal StadiumCapacity7,000ChairmanStavros TsiodrasManagerGeorgios VazakasLeagueGamma Ethniki2022–23Gamma Ethniki (Group 4), 5thWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Panargiakos Football Club (Greek: Παναργειακός Α.Π.Ο.) is a Greek football club based in Argos, Greece. The association was founded in 1926. The club...

Season of National Football League team the New England Patriots 1992 New England Patriots seasonOwnerJames OrthweinHead coachDick MacPhersonHome fieldFoxboro StadiumResultsRecord2–14Division place5th AFC EastPlayoff finishDid not qualifyPro BowlersTE Marv CookAP All-ProsNoneUniform ← 1991 Patriots seasons 1993 → The 1992 New England Patriots season was the team’s 33rd season overall and 23rd in the National Football League. It was the team’s second year with ...

Vicky KaleaLahirVicky Hidayat19 Juli 1993 (umur 30)[1][2]Cirebon, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaPendidikanSMA Negeri 1 LemahabangPekerjaanPemeranpenyanyimodelTahun aktif2016—sekarangSuami/istriAlliza Putri Qistifany ​ ​(m. 2022)​Karier musikInstrumenVokal Vicky Hidayat (lahir 19 Juli 1993), lebih dikenal sebagai Vicky Kalea adalah pemeran dan penyanyi Indonesia. Kehidupan awal Vicky lahir dengan nama Vicky Hidayat pada 19 Juli 1993 di Kota...

American ticket brokering company StubHubTypeSubsidiaryIndustryTicket exchangeTicket resaleFounded2000; 23 years ago (2000)FoundersEric BakerJeff FluhrHeadquartersNew York, United StatesArea served United States Canada Key peopleEric Baker CEONayaab Islam, PresidentParentStubHub HoldingsWebsitestubhub.com StubHub is an American ticket exchange and resale company. It provides services for buyers and sellers of tickets for sports, concerts, theater, and other live entertainmen...

尖閣諸島問題(せんかくしょとうもんだい、簡体字中国語: 钓鱼岛问题、繁体字中国語: 釣魚臺列嶼主權問題)とは、日本が沖縄県石垣市登野城尖閣として実効支配する尖閣諸島に対し、1970年代から中華人民共和国(中国)[1][2]と中華民国(台湾)が領有権を主張している問題のことである[3]。 尖閣諸島のうち3島の位置。青:魚釣島、黄:久場�...

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hot 3 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Television channel HOT3CountryIsraelBroadcast areaIsraelProgrammingLanguage(s)HebrewPicture format576i (16:9 SDTV)1080i (HDTV)OwnershipOwnerHOTHistoryLaunched198...