戈壁鴨龍屬

戈壁鴨龍屬
化石时期：白堊紀晚期
96–83.6 Ma
標本編號MPC-D100/763的頭骨
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目： 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目： †鸟臀目 Ornithischia
亚目： †鸟脚亚目 Ornithopoda
演化支： †禽龍類 Iguanodontia
演化支： †橡树龙形态类 Dryomorpha
演化支： †直拇指龍類 Ankylopollexia
演化支： †硬棘龍類 Styracosterna
演化支： †鴨嘴龍形類 Hadrosauriformes
总科： †鴨嘴龍超科 Hadrosauroidea
演化支： †鴨嘴龍形態類 Hadrosauromorpha
属： †戈壁鴨龍屬 Gobihadros
Tsogtbaatar et al., 2019
模式種
†蒙古戈壁鴨龍
Gobihadros mongoliensis
Tsogtbaatar et al., 2019

戈壁鴨龍（屬名：Gobihadros）是種基礎鴨嘴龍類恐龍，生存於白堊紀晚期（森諾曼階至桑托階），發現於蒙古的巴彥思楞組（英语：Bayan Shireh Formation）。身長7.5公尺。[1]

發現及命名

蒙古的化石分布點，戈壁鴨龍主要來自C和D區

1993年至2004年間，蒙古古生物學中心和日本原林自然科學博物館在Bayshin Tsav地區進行挖掘活動，發現了一種新的基礎鴨嘴龍類化石，Tsogtbaatar於2008年便研究了該物種。[1]

模式種蒙古戈壁鴨龍（Gobihadros mongoliensis）由Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar、David Bruce Weishampel、David Christopher Evans以及渡部真人於2019年所敘述、命名，意指「來自蒙古戈壁的鴨嘴龍類」。因為敘述文獻發表於電子期刊，需使用生物科學標識碼（英语：Life Science Identifiers）使學名具有效性，屬的標識碼為38EE8AD7-AD50-44BF-B31D-B2675456556A而種的標識碼為2DB42EE7-6A64-4D64-AA19-E5D3453BF99C。[1]

平伏狀的化石展示

正模標本編號MPC-D100/746發現於巴彥思楞組，年代為森諾曼階至桑托階，約8500萬年前。包含一個幾乎完整、關節連接的骨骼和部分碎裂的頭骨。還有許多標本被歸入本屬，其中最具重要性的是編號MPC-D100/763標本，一個完整連接的頭骨以及手部。這些標本分別發現於蒙古的不同地區。總體來說，戈壁鴨龍成為目前所知最完整的亞洲基礎鴨嘴龍類。[1]

敘述

三種年齡層的標本體型比例
骨骼重建圖

戈壁鴨龍是中型的鴨嘴龍類。編號MPC-D100/763標本是個未成熟個體，死時約長3公尺。其他標本體型更大：編號MPC-D100/744標本的股骨長72.8公分，推估身長5.3公尺；而編號ZPAL MgD-III/3標本長達7.5公尺，股骨長104公分，根據股骨和脛骨的骨質吸收（英语：Bone resorption）及骨質再生（英语：Bone remodeling）判斷，它代表著一個年長個體，並可能是完全成熟體的最大長度。[1][2]

敘述者列出一些鑑定特徵：不同於所有其他已知非鴨嘴龍科的鴨嘴龍類，戈壁鴨龍的前上頜骨具有雙層齒突緣、下頜每個牙位最多有三顆牙齒，這是典型的鴨嘴龍科特徵，可能在不同的鴨嘴龍科分支中平行演化出來。戈壁鴨龍與巴克龍、原巴克龍、原賴氏龍、破碎龍、特提斯鴨嘴龍的差異在於上髂骨的起伏輪廓、較為側向突出的髖臼嵴。戈壁鴨龍與特提斯鴨嘴龍、近鴨嘴龍、鴨嘴龍科的差異在於其食指具圓錐形尖爪。[1]

分類

戈壁鴨龍於2019年被分類至鴨嘴龍超科位於鴨嘴龍科之外的基礎位置。戈壁鴨龍和其他基礎物種組成多分支（英语：polytomy），彼此確切的親緣關係不明。戈壁鴨龍的出現被認為是後來北美洲鴨嘴龍類入侵亞洲的一種形式。[1]

古生物學

古病理學

ZPAL MgD-III/3個體的復原圖，標示出年老特徵與病理證據

2021年Justyna Słowiak的團隊使用CT掃描檢驗了一隻特別大型的戈壁鴨龍個體ZPAL MgD-III/3標本，發現骨骼中保存了某些異常鈣沉積痕跡。根據古病理學的說法，這種痕跡屬於一種被稱為焦磷酸鈣沈積（英语：Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease）（CPPD）的疾病，常在尾椎或腳趾發現。由於這隻個體患有此疾，加上巨大的體型，可能反映著戈壁鴨龍成長到體型極限值，且顯示年齡相當老，疾病將導致感染部位的關節深受限制及疼痛所苦。牠的疾病很可能是衰老自然產生，而非如物理創傷等外部因素。研究還透過在股骨中觀察到緊密排列的生長停滯線（英语：Growth arrest lines）（LAGS）與外部基礎系統（external fundamental system）來證明是隻年老個體。[3]

參考來源

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar; David B. Weishampel; David C. Evans; Mahito Watabe. A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous Baynshire Formation of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia). PLoS ONE. 2019, 14 (4): e0208480. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1408480T. PMC 6469754 可免费查阅. PMID 30995236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208480. 
  2. ^ Slowiak, J.; Szczygielski, T.; Ginter, M.; Fostowicz-Frelik, L. Uninterrupted growth in a non‐polar hadrosaur explains the gigantism among duck‐billed dinosaurs. Palaeontology. 2020. doi:10.1111/pala.12473. 
  3. ^ Słowiak, J.; Szczygielski, T.; Rothschild, B. M.; Surmik, D. Dinosaur senescence: a hadrosauroid with age-related diseases brings a new perspective of old dinosaurs. Scientific Reports. 2021, 11 (11947). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91366-1 可免费查阅. 

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