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奧氏櫛龍屬; 化石时期：白堊紀晚期，70–66 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	正模標本的頭骨
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	†鸟臀目 Ornithischia
亚目：	†鸟脚亚目 Ornithopoda
科：	†鴨嘴龍科 Hadrosauridae
亚科：	†栉龙亚科 Saurolophinae
属：	†奧氏櫛龍屬 Augustynolophus; Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
模式種
	†莫氏奧氏櫛龍; Augustynolophus morrisi; Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
異名
	莫氏櫛龍 Saurolophus morrisi; (Prieto-Márquez, 2013);

奧氏櫛龍屬（屬名：Augustynolophus）是一屬櫛龍亞科的鴨嘴龍科恐龍，發現於加州的莫雷諾組（英语：Moreno Formation）（Moreno Formation），^[1]年代為馬斯垂克階，使牠成為白堊紀-古近紀滅絕事件前最後存在的恐龍。^[2]

發現歷史

屬名紀念贊助洛杉磯博物館的奧古斯汀（Augustyn）家族，加上字尾-lophus意指牠和櫛龍的關係，種名紀念古生物學家威廉·莫里斯（William Morris）^[3]，最初被敘述成櫛龍的一個種：莫氏櫛龍（Saurolophus morrisi）^[4]^[5]，然而在經過更深入的研究後，發現牠在顱骨結構上與櫛龍族的其他物種：奧氏櫛龍^[6]^[7]^[8]、窄吻櫛龍^[9]^[10]、巨原櫛龍有很大差異，足以自成一屬。^[11]

所有已知的奧氏櫛龍標本發現都侷限於加州，該州屬於拉臘米迪亞古陸的一部分，是世界著名的恐龍化石點之一。^[12]目前有兩個已知的奧氏櫛龍標本：正模標本LACM / CIT 2852出土於1943年，由大部分頭骨（包含齒骨和前齒骨）、脊椎、四肢和手部組成；第二具標本LACM / CIT 2760發現於1939年，由頭骨和四肢組成。根據較小的體型，推測可能是青少年個體。^[5]^[13]這是來自美國西海岸的三種已知的恐龍之一，另外兩種分別是坎潘階的漂泊甲龍^[14]、和來自華盛頓州的未敘述暴龍科^[15]。但在加州和鄰近地區也發現了未定的鴨嘴龍類遺骸。^[16]^[17]

2017年9月，奧氏櫛龍被指定為加州的州恐龍。^[18]

敘述

如同所有鴨嘴龍類，奧氏櫛龍是植食性恐龍，並有特化於咀嚼食物的齒系。^[19]

古生態學

拉臘米迪亞海岸省份的恐龍所知甚少^[20]，如同西部內陸海道對面阿帕拉契亞古陸（英语：Appalachia (landmass)）的情況。美西擁有豐富的化石發現和歷史，最著名的例子有地獄溪組（Hell Creek Formation）及雙麥迪遜組（英语：Two Medicine Formation）（Two Medicine Formation）。^[21]然而美西海岸和阿帕拉契亞一樣，陸生動物（主要是恐龍）並未被妥善的研究也不知名。

儘管加州恐龍罕見的事實，但莫雷諾組是加州研究最深入的中生代地層之一，並以大量海相化石聞名^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]。與奧氏櫛龍生活於同一地區的生物包括了龜、滄龍、蛇頸龍及輻鰭魚類^[26]。其中生活於莫雷諾組的龜包括王龜屬（英语：Basilemys）及甲尾龜屬（英语：Osteopygis）^[27]；滄龍類包括傾齒龍屬、大洋龍屬、近瘤龍屬及浮龍屬^[28]；蛇頸龍包括費雷斯諾龍屬、莫雷諾龍屬（英语：Morenosaurus）、海泡龍屬及水怪龍屬^[29]^[30]^[31]；輻鰭魚類則包括邦魚屬及蜥齒魚屬（英语：Saurodon）^[32]。

參考資料

^ Sues, H.D.; Bell, P.R.; Evans, D.C. Revision of the status of Saurolophus (Hadrosauridae) from California, USA.. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2010, 47 (11): 1417–1426. doi:10.1139/e10-062.
^ Lehman, T.M. Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the western interior of North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 1987, 60: 189–217. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(87)90032-0.
^ Prieto-Márquez, Albert; Wagner, Jonathan R.; Bell, Phil R.; Chiappe, Luis M. The late-surviving 'duck-billed' dinosaur Augustynolophus from the upper Maastrichtian of western North America and crest evolution in Saurolophini. Geological Magazine. 2014, 152 (2): 225–241. Bibcode:2015GeoM..152..225P. doi:10.1017/S0016756814000284.
^ Morris, W.J. California dinosaurs. Bottjer, DJ; Colburn, IP; Cooper, JD (编). Late Cretaceous Depositional Environments and Paleogeography, Santa Ana Mountains, Southern California. Los Angeles: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 1982.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Prieto-Márquez, A.; Wagner, J.R. A new species of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of the Pacific coast of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2013, 58 (2): 255–268. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0049.
^ Brown, B. A crested dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: 131–136. 1912.
^ Brown, B. The skeleton of Saurolophus, a crestedduck-billed dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1913, 32: 387–393.
^ Bell, P.R. Redescription of the skull of Saurolophus osborni Brown 1912 (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae). Cretaceous Research. February 2011, 32 (1): 30–44. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.10.002.
^ Bell, P.R. Standardized terminology and potential taxonomic utility for hadrosaurid skin impressions: a case study for Saurolophus from Canada and Mongolia. PLOS ONE. 3 February 2012, 7 (2): e31295. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731295B. PMC 3272031 . PMID 22319623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031295.
^ Bell, P.R. Cranial Osteology and Ontogeny of Saurolophus angustirostris from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on Saurolophus osborni from Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2011, 56 (4): 703–722. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0061.
^ McGarrity, Christopher T.; Campione, Nicolas E.; Evans, David C. Cranial anatomy and variation in Prosaurolophus maximus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 27 March 2013, 167 (4): 531–568. doi:10.1111/zoj.12009.
^ Scott D. Sampson; Mark A. Loewen; Andrew A. Farke; Eric M. Roberts; Catherine A. Forster; Joshua A. Smith; Alan L. Titus. Stepanova, Anna , 编. New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (9): e12292. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512292S. PMC 2929175 . PMID 20877459. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012292.
^ Hilton, Richard. Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California. University of California Press. 2003: 264.
^ Ford, T.L. 12. Carlsbad Ankylosaur (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria): An Ankylosaurid and Not a Nodosaurid.= 1st. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 1 October 2001: 239–258 [22 September 2016]. ISBN 978-0253339645.
^ Peecook, Brandon; Sidor, Christian. The First Dinosaur from Washington State and a Review of Pacific Coast Dinosaurs from North America. PLOS ONE. May 2015, 10 (5): e0127792. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027792P. PMC 4439161 . PMID 25993090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127792.
^ Morris, W.J. A review of Pacific coast hadrosaurs. Journal of Paleontology. May 1973, 47 (3): 551–561.
^ HARPER, HILLIARD. Dinosaur Skeleton Found at Carlsbad Site. Los Angeles Times. 20 May 1987 [24 September 2016]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-19）.
^ Blume, Howard. California gets its own official state dinosaur. Los Angeles Times. 23 September 2017 [2020-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-02）.
^ Galton, P.M. The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia. 1973, 6 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x.
^ Tan, X.; Kodama, K.P. Compaction‐corrected inclinations from southern California Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks indicate no paleolatitudinal offset for the Peninsular Ranges terrane. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 1998, 103 (B11): 27169–27192. Bibcode:1998JGR...10327169T. doi:10.1029/98jb02343.
^ Switek, Brian. The Dinosaurs of California's Lost World. KCET. 2016-05-17 [17 May 2016]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-08）.
^ Ford, K.W. Stratigraphic positions of marine reptile and dinosaur specimens in the Moreno Formation, in the Tumey Hills and Panoche Hills, Fresno County, California. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006, 35: 407–410.
^ Popenoe, W.P. Southern California Cretaceous formations and faunas with especial reference to the Simi Hills and Santa Monica Mountains. Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, Southern California. Pacific Section, SEPM, Geological Guidebook, los Angeles, California. 1973: 15–20.
^ Reeside, J.B. Paleoecology of the Cretaceous seas of the Western Interior of the United States. Geological Society of America Memoirs. 1957, 67: 505–542. doi:10.1130/MEM67V2-p505.
^ Stock, C. Occurrence of Cretaceous reptiles in the Moreno shales of the Southern Coast Ranges, California (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1939, 25 (12): 617–620 [2020-11-07]. PMC 1077983 . PMID 16588308. doi:10.1073/pnas.25.12.617. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-02）.
^ Ford, Kerry. Stratigraphic positions of marine reptile and dinosaur specimens in the Moreno Formation, in the Tumey Hills and Panoche Hills, Fresno County, California. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006, 35: 407–410 [2024-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-21）.
^ E., Foster, David. Osteopygis Sp., a marine turtle from the late Cretaceous Moreno formation of California. Museum of Paleontology, University of California. 1980. OCLC 833332950.
^ LINDGREN, JOHAN; SCHULP, ANNE S. New material ofPrognathodon(Squamata: Mosasauridae), and the mosasaur assemblage of the Maastrichtian of California, U.S.A.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. September 2010, 30 (5): 1632–1636. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131124198. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501444.
^ O’Gorman, Jose P. Elasmosaurid phylogeny and paleobiogeography, with a reappraisal of Aphrosaurus furlongi from the Maastrichtian of the Moreno Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2019-09-03, 39 (5): e1692025. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 215756238. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1692025.
^ O'Gorman, José P. Reappraisal of Fresnosaurus drescheri (Plesiosauria; Elasmosauridae) from the Maastrichtian Moreno Formation, California, USA. Cretaceous Research. December 2016, 68: 9–20. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.009.
^ Stock, Chester. Occurrence of Cretaceous Reptiles in the Moreno Shales of the Southern Coast Ranges, California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. December 1939, 25 (12): 617–620. Bibcode:1939PNAS...25..617S. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1077983 . PMID 16588308. doi:10.1073/pnas.25.12.617 .
^ Friedman, Matt; Shimada, Kenshu; Everhart, Michael J.; Irwin, Kelly J.; Grandstaff, Barbara S.; Stewart, J. D. Geographic and stratigraphic distribution of the Late Cretaceous suspension-feeding bony fishBonnerichthys gladius(Teleostei, Pachycormiformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. January 2013, 33 (1): 35–47. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 128958842. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.713059.

[1] Sues, H.D.; Bell, P.R.; Evans, D.C. Revision of the status of Saurolophus (Hadrosauridae) from California, USA.. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2010, 47 (11): 1417–1426. doi:10.1139/e10-062.

[2] Lehman, T.M. Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the western interior of North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 1987, 60: 189–217. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(87)90032-0.

[PMetal2014-3] Prieto-Márquez, Albert; Wagner, Jonathan R.; Bell, Phil R.; Chiappe, Luis M. The late-surviving 'duck-billed' dinosaur Augustynolophus from the upper Maastrichtian of western North America and crest evolution in Saurolophini. Geological Magazine. 2014, 152 (2): 225–241. Bibcode:2015GeoM..152..225P. doi:10.1017/S0016756814000284.

[4] Morris, W.J. California dinosaurs. Bottjer, DJ; Colburn, IP; Cooper, JD (编). Late Cretaceous Depositional Environments and Paleogeography, Santa Ana Mountains, Southern California. Los Angeles: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 1982.

[PMetal2013-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Prieto-Márquez, A.; Wagner, J.R. A new species of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of the Pacific coast of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2013, 58 (2): 255–268. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0049.

[6] Brown, B. A crested dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: 131–136. 1912.

[7] Brown, B. The skeleton of Saurolophus, a crestedduck-billed dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1913, 32: 387–393.

[8] Bell, P.R. Redescription of the skull of Saurolophus osborni Brown 1912 (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae). Cretaceous Research. February 2011, 32 (1): 30–44. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.10.002.

[9] Bell, P.R. Standardized terminology and potential taxonomic utility for hadrosaurid skin impressions: a case study for Saurolophus from Canada and Mongolia. PLOS ONE. 3 February 2012, 7 (2): e31295. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731295B. PMC 3272031 . PMID 22319623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031295.

[10] Bell, P.R. Cranial Osteology and Ontogeny of Saurolophus angustirostris from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on Saurolophus osborni from Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2011, 56 (4): 703–722. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0061.

[11] McGarrity, Christopher T.; Campione, Nicolas E.; Evans, David C. Cranial anatomy and variation in Prosaurolophus maximus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 27 March 2013, 167 (4): 531–568. doi:10.1111/zoj.12009.

[Sampson-12] Scott D. Sampson; Mark A. Loewen; Andrew A. Farke; Eric M. Roberts; Catherine A. Forster; Joshua A. Smith; Alan L. Titus. Stepanova, Anna , 编. New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (9): e12292. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512292S. PMC 2929175 . PMID 20877459. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012292.

[13] Hilton, Richard. Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California. University of California Press. 2003: 264.

[14] Ford, T.L. 12. Carlsbad Ankylosaur (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria): An Ankylosaurid and Not a Nodosaurid.= 1st. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 1 October 2001: 239–258 [22 September 2016]. ISBN 978-0253339645.

[15] Peecook, Brandon; Sidor, Christian. The First Dinosaur from Washington State and a Review of Pacific Coast Dinosaurs from North America. PLOS ONE. May 2015, 10 (5): e0127792. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027792P. PMC 4439161 . PMID 25993090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127792.

[16] Morris, W.J. A review of Pacific coast hadrosaurs. Journal of Paleontology. May 1973, 47 (3): 551–561.

[17] HARPER, HILLIARD. Dinosaur Skeleton Found at Carlsbad Site. Los Angeles Times. 20 May 1987 [24 September 2016]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-19）.

[18] Blume, Howard. California gets its own official state dinosaur. Los Angeles Times. 23 September 2017 [2020-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-02）.

[19] Galton, P.M. The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia. 1973, 6 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x.

[20] Tan, X.; Kodama, K.P. Compaction‐corrected inclinations from southern California Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks indicate no paleolatitudinal offset for the Peninsular Ranges terrane. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 1998, 103 (B11): 27169–27192. Bibcode:1998JGR...10327169T. doi:10.1029/98jb02343.

[21] Switek, Brian. The Dinosaurs of California's Lost World. KCET. 2016-05-17 [17 May 2016]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-08）.

[22] Ford, K.W. Stratigraphic positions of marine reptile and dinosaur specimens in the Moreno Formation, in the Tumey Hills and Panoche Hills, Fresno County, California. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006, 35: 407–410.

[23] Popenoe, W.P. Southern California Cretaceous formations and faunas with especial reference to the Simi Hills and Santa Monica Mountains. Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, Southern California. Pacific Section, SEPM, Geological Guidebook, los Angeles, California. 1973: 15–20.

[24] Reeside, J.B. Paleoecology of the Cretaceous seas of the Western Interior of the United States. Geological Society of America Memoirs. 1957, 67: 505–542. doi:10.1130/MEM67V2-p505.

[25] Stock, C. Occurrence of Cretaceous reptiles in the Moreno shales of the Southern Coast Ranges, California (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1939, 25 (12): 617–620 [2020-11-07]. PMC 1077983 . PMID 16588308. doi:10.1073/pnas.25.12.617. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-02）.

[26] Ford, Kerry. Stratigraphic positions of marine reptile and dinosaur specimens in the Moreno Formation, in the Tumey Hills and Panoche Hills, Fresno County, California. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006, 35: 407–410 [2024-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-21）.

[27] E., Foster, David. Osteopygis Sp., a marine turtle from the late Cretaceous Moreno formation of California. Museum of Paleontology, University of California. 1980. OCLC 833332950.

[28] LINDGREN, JOHAN; SCHULP, ANNE S. New material ofPrognathodon(Squamata: Mosasauridae), and the mosasaur assemblage of the Maastrichtian of California, U.S.A.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. September 2010, 30 (5): 1632–1636. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131124198. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501444.

[29] O’Gorman, Jose P. Elasmosaurid phylogeny and paleobiogeography, with a reappraisal of Aphrosaurus furlongi from the Maastrichtian of the Moreno Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2019-09-03, 39 (5): e1692025. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 215756238. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1692025.

[30] O'Gorman, José P. Reappraisal of Fresnosaurus drescheri (Plesiosauria; Elasmosauridae) from the Maastrichtian Moreno Formation, California, USA. Cretaceous Research. December 2016, 68: 9–20. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.009.

[Stock_617–620-31] Stock, Chester. Occurrence of Cretaceous Reptiles in the Moreno Shales of the Southern Coast Ranges, California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. December 1939, 25 (12): 617–620. Bibcode:1939PNAS...25..617S. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1077983 . PMID 16588308. doi:10.1073/pnas.25.12.617 .

[32] Friedman, Matt; Shimada, Kenshu; Everhart, Michael J.; Irwin, Kelly J.; Grandstaff, Barbara S.; Stewart, J. D. Geographic and stratigraphic distribution of the Late Cretaceous suspension-feeding bony fishBonnerichthys gladius(Teleostei, Pachycormiformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. January 2013, 33 (1): 35–47. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 128958842. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.713059.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

奧氏櫛龍屬

發現歷史

敘述

古生態學

參考資料

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