庫姆納龍屬

库姆纳龙属
化石时期：晚侏儸紀, 153 Ma
▼
牛津大學自然史博物館內的骨架模型，曾先後被歸類於禽龍、彎龍
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目： 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目： †鸟臀目 Ornithischia
亚目： †鸟脚亚目 Ornithopoda
演化支： †禽龍類 Iguanodontia
演化支： †橡树龙形态类 Dryomorpha
演化支： †直拇指龍類 Ankylopollexia
演化支： †硬棘龍類 Styracosterna
属： †库姆纳龙属 Cumnoria
Seeley, 1888
模式種
普萊斯特維奇庫姆納龍
Cumnoria prestwichii
(Hulke, 1880)
異名

庫姆納龍屬（學名：Cumnoria）是鳥腳亚目禽龍類恐龍的一屬，是種植食性恐龍，位於禽龍類的原始位置。庫姆納龍生存於侏羅紀晚期（啟莫里階）的歐洲。

發現與命名歷史

庫姆納龍的正模標本（編號OXFUM J.3303）是一個部分頭顱骨、身體骨骼，發現於英格蘭牛津郡庫姆納村（Cumnor）的一處採石場，該地層屬於啟莫里粘土組（Kimmeridge Clay Formation）地層。採石場工人原本把這些骨頭當作廢棄物，其中一名工人將骨頭收集、整理，交給牛津大學的解剖學家乔治·罗尔斯顿教授。之後化石被轉交由古動物學家約瑟夫·普萊斯特維奇研究。在1879年，普萊斯特維奇教授提出這些化石應該為禽龍屬的新種，但當時並沒有建立種名[1]。在1880年，普萊斯特維奇教授在倫敦地質學會的期刊發現這些化石的研究[2]。同年，約翰·赫克（John Whitaker Hulke）將這個種建立種名，普萊斯特維奇禽龍（Iguanodon prestwichii），種名是以研究化石的普萊斯特維奇教授為名[3]。

在1888年，英國古生物學家哈利·絲萊（Harry Govier Seeley）認為這些化石與禽龍有明顯差異，因此將這個種建立為新屬，模式種是普萊斯特維奇庫姆納龍（Cumnoria prestwichii）。屬名是以化石發現處的庫姆納村為名，但哈利·絲萊當時將種名誤植為「prestwichi」[4]。但在1889年，理查德·萊德克（Richard Lydekker）提出這些化石不足以成為獨立屬，而且類似在美國新發現的彎龍，因此將這些化石改歸類於彎龍屬的一種，普萊斯特維奇彎龍（Camptosaurus prestwichii）[5]。在20世紀的大部分時間，古生物學界沿用這個分類法。

直到1980年，彼得·加爾東（Peter Galton）重新詳細研究這些化石[6]。在1998年，大衛·諾曼（David B. Norman）的鳥腳類研究提出這些化石足夠成立為個別屬[7]。德恩·奈許（Darren Naish）與大衛·馬提爾（David Martill）的英國恐龍研究歷史研究，也支持獨立屬的說法[8]。

體徵與分類

庫姆納龍是種二足植食性恐龍，正模標本的體型相當小、外形修長，身長約3.5公尺。這個標本可能是個幼年個體[6]。

在20世紀的大部分時間，這些化石被歸類於彎龍的一種，因此也屬於彎龍科。在2010年、2011年的兩個研究，發現庫姆納龍屬於禽龍類內部的硬棘龍類（Styracosterna）演化支，而且比彎龍還要衍化。庫姆納龍是目前已知年代最古老的硬棘龍類[9][10]。

禽龍類
 

凹齒龍科

 
unnamed
 

腱龍 Tenontosaurus

 
橡樹龍形類
 

橡樹龍科

 
直拇指龍類
 

彎龍 Camptosaurus

 
硬棘龍類
 

庫姆納龍 Cumnoria

 
 

猶他齒龍 Uteodon

 
unnamed
 
 

馬龍屬 Hippodraco

 
 

眾神花園龍屬 Theiophytalia

 
 
unnamed
 

雪松山龍 Cedrorestes

 
 

達科塔齒龍 Dakotadon

 
 

鬣蜥巨龍 Iguanacolossus

 
 

蘭州龍 Lanzhousaurus

 
鴨嘴龍形類
 

禽龍 Iguanodon

 
 

曼特爾龍 Mantellisaurus

 
 

豪勇龍 Ouranosaurus

 
 

鴨嘴龍超科

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

參考資料

  1. ^ Prestwich. I.—On the Discovery of a Species of Iguanodon in the Kimmeridge Clay near Oxford; and a Notice of a very Fossiliferous Band of the Shotover Sands. Geological Magazine. 1879-05, 6 (5). Bibcode:1879GeoM....6..193P. ISSN 0016-7568. doi:10.1017/S0016756800157000 （英语）. 
  2. ^ Prestwich, J. Note on the Occurrence of a new Species of Iguanodon in a Brick-pit of the Kimmeridge Clay at Cumnor Hurst, three miles W.S.W. of Oxford. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 1880-02, 36 (1-4). ISSN 0370-291X. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1880.036.01-04.35 （英语）. 
  3. ^ Hulke, J. W. Iguanodon Prestwichii , a new Species from the Kimmeridge Clay, distinguished from I. Mantelli of the Wealden Formation in the S.E. of England and Isle of Wight by Differences in the Shape of the Vertebral Centra, by fewer than five Sacral Vertebrœ, by the simpler Character of its Tooth-serrature, &·c., founded on numerous fossil remains lately discovered at Cumnor, near Oxford. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 1880-02, 36 (1-4). ISSN 0370-291X. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1880.036.01-04.36 （英语）. 
  4. ^ Seeley, H.G. On Cumnoria, an iguanodont genus founded upon the Iguanodon prestwichi, Hulke. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1888, 57: 698. 
  5. ^ Lydekker, R. On the Remains and Affinities of five Genera of Mesozoic Reptiles. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 1889-02, 45 (1-4). ISSN 0370-291X. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1889.045.01-04.04 （英语）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Galton, P.M.; Powell, H.P. The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England. Palaeontology. 1980, 23: 411–443. 
  7. ^ Norman, David B. On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 3. A new species of iguanodontid dinosaur. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1998-01, 122 (1-2) [2024-08-10]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02533.x. （原始内容存档于2024-07-21） （英语）. 
  8. ^ Naish, Darren; Martill, David M. Dinosaurs of Great Britain and the role of the Geological Society of London in their discovery: Ornithischia. Journal of the Geological Society. 2008-05, 165 (3) [2024-08-10]. ISSN 0016-7649. doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-154. （原始内容存档于2022-09-28） （英语）. 
  9. ^ McDonald, Andrew T.; Kirkland, James I.; DeBlieux, Donald D.; Madsen, Scott K.; Cavin, Jennifer; Milner, Andrew R. C.; Panzarin, Lukas. Farke, Andrew Allen , 编. New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs. PLoS ONE. 2010-11-22, 5 (11). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2989904 可免费查阅. PMID 21124919. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075 （英语）. 
  10. ^ Andrew T. McDonald. The taxonomy of species assigned to Camptosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 2783: 52–68 [2012-05-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-04-12）. 

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