直拇指龍類

直拇指龍類
化石时期:晚侏羅紀到晚白堊紀156–66 Ma
禽龙的手部
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 鸟臀目 Ornithischia
亚目: 鸟脚亚目 Ornithopoda
演化支 禽龍類 Iguanodontia
演化支 橡树龙形态类 Dryomorpha
演化支 直拇指龍類 Ankylopollexia
Sereno,1986
演化支

直拇指龍類(Ankylopollexia)是禽龍類的一個演化支,生存於侏羅紀晚期到白堊紀晚期的各大陸。這個演化支包含:彎龍禽龍豪勇龍鴨嘴龍科。直拇指龍類是群大型植食性恐龍,某些物種可生長至15公尺,接近某些大型獸腳類恐龍,例如山東龍

在1986年,保羅·塞里諾(Paul Sereno)建立直拇指龍演化支,以包含彎龍科硬棘龍類。名稱意為「堅挺的拇指」,意指圓錐狀的拇指指爪,保羅·塞里諾認為這代表這演化支的共有衍徵[1]

体型

四中最大的直拇指龙类的体型比较。
特提斯鸭嘴龙复原图

直拇指龙类的体型变化较大。最大的直拇指龙类是鸭嘴龙科的山东龙属,约14.7至6.6公尺长,16吨重。[2][3]山东龙同时也是该演化支的衍化物种。而曼特尔龙则约有0.75吨重。[4]弯龙属的模式种原本被认为有约6至7.9公尺长,785至874千克重。[5]而Paul Sereno主张事实上弯龙不到5公尺长,不超过半吨重。[6]

種系發生學

在1998年,保羅·塞里諾首次提出直拇指龍類的定義,範圍是:彎龍副櫛龍的最近共同祖先,以及其最近共同祖先的所有後代。塞里諾在2005年小幅修正定義,範圍是:彎龍(Camptosaurus dispar)、沃克氏副櫛龍的最近共同祖先,以及其最近共同祖先的所有後代。許多應該在這範圍的物種,並沒有被列入大範圍種系發生學研究,或是化石過於破碎而無法做出準確分類,包含:比霍爾龍德拉帕倫特龍道羅齒龍龍爪龍高刺龍沉龍Osmakasaurus歐文齒龍扁臀龍原扁臀龍[7]鞍臀龍[7]

以下演化樹來自於Andrew McDonald等人在2010到2011年的研究[8][9]

禽龍類

凹齒龍科

腱龍 Tenontosaurus

橡樹龍形類

橡樹龍科

直拇指龍類

彎龍 Camptosaurus

硬棘龍類

庫姆納龍 Cumnoria

猶他齒龍 Uteodon

馬龍屬 Hippodraco

眾神花園龍屬 Theiophytalia

雪松山龍 Cedrorestes

達科塔齒龍 Dakotadon

鬣蜥巨龍 Iguanacolossus

蘭州龍 Lanzhousaurus

鴨嘴龍形類

禽龍 Iguanodon

曼特爾龍 Mantellisaurus

豪勇龍 Ouranosaurus

鴨嘴龍超科

以下演化樹則是來自於Andrew McDonald在2012年的研究[10]

禽龍類

凹齒龍科

腱龍 Tenontosaurus

橡樹龍形類

橡樹龍科

直拇指龍類

彎龍 Camptosaurus

硬棘龍類

猶他齒龍 Uteodon

馬龍屬 Hippodraco

眾神花園龍屬 Theiophytalia

鬣蜥巨龍 Iguanacolossus

蘭州龍 Lanzhousaurus

庫克菲爾德龍 Kukufeldia

重骨龍 Barilium

鴨嘴龍形類

禽龍 Iguanodon

鴨嘴龍超科 (包含曼特爾龍敘五龍)

古生态学

步态

大部分直拇指龙类属于双足动物,但也有例外如曼特尔龙。由于有着较短的前肢和身体所以曼特尔龙行动的时候是以双足步行,但在站着或者缓慢步行时用前肢支撑身体。[11]

參考資料

  1. ^ Sereno, P.C. Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research. 1986, 2 (2): 234–56. 
  2. ^ Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Shantungosaurus". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. pp. 816–817. ISBN 0-89950-917-7.
  3. ^ Zhao, X.; Li, D.; Han, G.; Hao, H.; Liu, F.; Li, L.; Fang, X. (2007). "Zhuchengosaurus maximus from Shandong Province". Acta Geoscientia Sinica 28 (2): 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10114-005-0808-x.
  4. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2008). "A revised taxonomy of the iguanodont dinosaur genera and species". Cretaceous Research 29 (2): 192–216.doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2007.04.009.
  5. ^ Erickson, Bruce R. (2003). Dinosaurs of the Science Museum of Minnesota. St. Paul, Minnesota: The Science Museum of Minnesota. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-911338-54-6
  6. ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 284
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Carpenter, K. and Ishida, Y. Early and "Middle" Cretaceous Iguanodonts in Time and Space (PDF). Journal of Iberian Geology. 2010, 36 (2): 145–164. doi:10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.3. 
  8. ^ McDonald, A.T.; Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D.; Madsen, S.K.; Cavin, J.; Milner, A.R.C.; Panzarin, L. Farke, Andrew Allen , 编. New Basal Iguanodontians from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs. PLoS ONE. 2010, 5 (11): e14075. PMC 2989904可免费查阅. PMID 21124919. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075. 
  9. ^ Andrew T. McDonald. The taxonomy of species assigned to Camptosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 2783: 52–68 [2013-01-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-04-12). 
  10. ^ McDonald, Andrew T. Farke, Andrew A. , 编. Phylogeny of Basal Iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): An Update. PLoS ONE. 2012-05-22, 7 (5). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3358318可免费查阅. PMID 22629328. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036745 (英语). 
  11. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为paul2008的参考文献提供内容

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