Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin

Artikkelen inngår i serien om

Nobelprisene


Alfred Nobel

Fred (mottakere)

Fysikk (mottakere)

Kjemi (mottakere)

Litteratur (mottakere)

Medisin (mottakere)

Sveriges Riksbanks pris i økonomisk vitenskap til minne om Alfred Nobel (mottakere)

Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin er en av de fem nobelprisene. Det er Nobelförsamlingen vid Karolinska Institutet som hvert år i begynnelsen av oktober vedtar hvem som har vunnet årets nobelpris. Prisen har vært utdelt siden 1901.

Medalje og diplom

Prisen består av en medalje, et diplom og en pengesum.[1] Medaljen er i gull (inntil 1979 i 23 karat, deretter i 18 karat) og er 66 mm i diameter. På adversen bærer medaljen Alfred Nobels venstrevendte portrett. Til venstre står innskriften «ALFR • / NOBEL» over to linjer og til høyre over seks linjer innskriften «NAT• / MDCCC / XXXIII / OB • / MDCCC / XCVI» (Nobels fødselsår 1833 og dødsår 1896). Reversen bærer et motiv der en sittende kvinnefigur støtter en yngre kvinne med den ene armen og med den andre holder et kar som fylles med vann som springer ut fra en klippe. Den sittende kvinnen symboliserer medisin og har en laurbærkvist ved føttene. Den yngre kvinnen har en krukke og en slange, symboler for medisin, ved sin side. Det hele er omgitt av omskriften «INVENTAS • VITAM • IUVAT EXCOLUISSE • PER • ARTES» i øvre bue og «REG • UNIVERSITAS • MED • CHIR • CAROL •» i nedre bue. Innskriften i øvre bue er et sitat fra Vergils verk Æneiden: «inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes», som betyr «og de som forbedret livet på jorden med sine nyvunnede ferdigheter»."[2] Innskriften i nedre bue står for Karolinska Institutet, som opprinnelig het Kongl. Carolinska medico-chirurgiska institutet og som plukker ut prisvinneren. Medaljen er utformet av Erik Lindberg i 1902.

Medaljen for prisene i fysikk og kjemi er identiske, mens medaljene for medisin og litteratur har identisk advers, mens ulik revers. Medaljen for fredsprisen har en helt egen utforming av både advers og revers.

Det eksisterer eksemplar av medaljen i sølv og forgylt sølv, blant annet i museer og samlinger. For prisvinnernes familiemedlemmer lages det inntil fem medaljer i forgylt bronse. Medaljene er laget ved det svenske Myntverket.

Diplomet for prisvinnerne i medisin består av to deler, en side med prisens og prisvinnerens detaljer påskrevet og en side som avbilder medaljens advers sammen med et sitat fra Nobels testament: «Åt dem som har gjort mänskligheten den största nytta.» Inntil 1965 hadde diplomet et kunstverk i stedet for medaljebilde og sitat, slik diplomene for de andre nobelprisene fortsatt har.[3]

Prisvinnere

Utdypende artikkel: Liste over nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin

År Prisvinnere
2024 Victor Ambros og Gary Ruvkun
2023 Katalin Karikó og Drew Weissman
2022 Svante Pääbo
2021 David Julius og Ardem Patapoutian[4]
2020 Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton og Charles M. Rice[5]
2019 William Kaelin, Peter J. Ratcliffe og Gregg Semenza[6]
2018 James P. Allison og Tasuku Honjo[7]
2017 Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash og Michael W. Young[8]
2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi[9]
2015 William C. Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura og Tu Youyou[10]
2014 Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser og John O'Keefe
2013 James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman og Thomas C. Südhof
2012 John B. Gurdon og Shinya Yamanaka
2011 Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann og Ralph M. Steinman
2010 Robert G. Edwards
2009 Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, Jack Szostak
2008 Harald zur Hausen (1/2), Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (1/4), Luc Montagnier (1/4)
2007 Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies
2006 Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello
2005 Barry J. Marshall, Robin Warren
2004 Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck
2003 Paul C. Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield
2002 Sydney Brenner, Howard Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston
2001 Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Paul M. Nurse
2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel
1999 Günter Blobel
1998 Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner
1996 Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1995 Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus
1994 Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
1993 Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp
1992 Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs
1991 Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
1990 Joseph E. Murray, Edward Donnall Thomas
1989 John Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
1988 James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
1987 Susumu Tonegawa
1986 Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein
1984 Niels Kaj Jerne, Georges J. F. Köhler, César Milstein
1983 Barbara McClintock
1982 Sune K. Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson, John R. Vane
1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
1980 Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
1979 Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
1978 Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith
1977 Roger Guillemin, Andrzej W. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
1975 David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin
1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George Emil Palade
1973 Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
1972 Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter
1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1970 Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
1969 Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria
1968 Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
1967 Ragnar Granit, Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald
1966 Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins
1965 François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
1964 Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen
1963 John Eccles, Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley
1962 Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins
1961 Georg von Békésy
1960 Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Medawar
1959 Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
1958 George Beadle, Edward Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
1957 Daniel Bovet
1956 André F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
1955 Hugo Theorell
1954 John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. Robbins
1953 Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Lipmann
1952 Selman A. Waksman
1951 Max Theiler
1950 Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip S. Hench
1949 Walter Hess, Egas Moniz
1948 Paul Müller
1947 Carl Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay
1946 Hermann J. Muller
1945 Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Howard Florey
1944 Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S. Gasser
1943 Henrik Dam, Edward A. Doisy
1942 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1941 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1940 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1939 Gerhard Domagk
1938 Corneille Heymans
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi
1936 Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi
1935 Hans Spemann
1934 George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Perry Murphy
1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan
1932 Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian
1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg
1930 Karl Landsteiner
1929 Christiaan Eijkman, Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1928 Charles Nicolle
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1926 Johannes Fibiger
1925 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1924 Willem Einthoven
1923 Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod
1922 Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Meyerhof
1921 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1920 August Krogh
1919 Jules Bordet
1918 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1917 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1916 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1915 Ingen pris ble utdelt
1914 Robert Bárány
1913 Charles Richet
1912 Alexis Carrel
1911 Allvar Gullstrand
1910 Albrecht Kossel
1909 Theodor Kocher
1908 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
1907 Alphonse Laveran
1906 Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1905 Robert Koch
1904 Ivan Pavlov
1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen
1902 Ronald Ross
1901 Emil von Behring

Referanser

  1. ^ Lars O. Lagerqvist: Nobel Medals, Stockholm: The Royal Coin Cabinet, 2001.
  2. ^ The Nobel Medal for Physiology or Medicine, Nobelprize.org, besøkt 4. 9. 2010.
  3. ^ Birgitta Lemmel: The Nobel Diplomas, Nobelprize.org, besøkt 5.9. 2010.
  4. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021, The Nobel Foundation. Lest 4. oktober 2021.
  5. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020, The Nobel Foundation. Lest 5. oktober 2020.
  6. ^ https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/press-release/
  7. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018», NobelPrize.org, 1. oktober 2018. Lest 1. oktober 2018.
  8. ^ Press Release, Nobelförsamlingen, 2. oktober 2017. Lest 2. oktober 2017.
  9. ^ Press Release, Nobelförsamlingen, 3. oktober 2016. Lest 3. oktober 2016.
  10. ^ http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/oct/05/william-c-campbell-satoshi-omura-and-youyou-tu-win-nobel-prize-in-medicine?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Tweet

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