Riluzolo

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Riluzolo
Nome IUPAC
6-(trifluorometossi)benzotiazol-2-amina
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC8H5F3N2OS
Massa molecolare (u)234.199 g/mol
Numero CAS1744-22-5
Numero EINECS605-724-6
Codice ATCN07XX02
PubChem5070
DrugBankDBDB00740
SMILES
C1=CC2=C(C=C1OC(F)(F)F)SC(=N2)N
Dati farmacologici
Modalità di
somministrazione		orale
Dati farmacocinetici
Legame proteico96%
Metabolismoepatico
Emivita12 ore
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Simboli di rischio chimico
tossicità acuta
pericolo
Frasi H301
Consigli P301+310 [1]
Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale

Il riluzolo[2] è un farmaco ad azione antiglutamatergica, appartenente alla classe chimica dei benzotiazoli, indicato per il trattamento della SLA al fine di ritardare l'uso della ventilazione meccanica assistita.

Farmacodinamica

Il riluzolo agisce bloccando i canali del sodio voltaggio dipendenti, con diminuzione conseguente della liberazione presinaptica di glutammato. In particolare agirebbe in colture di cellule di glioblastoma diminuendo la sintesi di N-acetilaspartlglutamato (NAAG) e N-acetilaspartato (NAA)[3].

Profilo clinico

Il riluzolo è il solo agente per il trattamento dell'SLA (Sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica) che è approvato dalla Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[4]. Il riluzolo è il solo composto che ha mostrato di dare benefici ai pazienti con SLA, anche se con modesto incremento della sopravvivenza, così come altri farmaci in sperimentazione. Sono difficili da valutare i risultati delle sperimentazioni fatte su questo farmaco per diversi motivi, quali il profilo farmacocinetico del farmaco non definito, i modelli animali scelti e la metodologia degli studi clinici non univoca.[4] Esso ha anche mostrato un'azione neuroprotettiva in diversi modelli in vitro e in vivo; non conoscendosi l'esatta etiologia della SLA si pensa che il riluzolo agisca proteggendo i neuroni geneticamente predisposti dall'insulto eccitatorio di tipo glutamminergico. Nella SLA si è anche visto che c'è un deficit costitutivo dell'enzima superossido dismutasi (SOD) su cui potrebbe anche agire il riluzolo.

Effetti avversi

La tollerabilità del farmaco è nel complesso buona. Gli effetti avversi comprendono:

  • diminuzione della funzionalità polmonare (7,3%)
  • polmoniti (2,5%)
  • astenia (5,8%)

Inoltre si può verificare un innalzamento degli enzimi epatici (GPT e GOT)

Gli effetti collaterali sono da attribuire in parte anche alla evoluzione della patologia di base. Viene consigliato come farmaco di prima linea (uso precoce) al fine di ritardare il più possibile la progressione della malattia[5].

Indicazioni

Sono stati condotti 40 studi clinici controllati randomizzati (RCT o Randomized controlled trials) alla data del 18 aprile 2010; di questi 19 sono ricerche riferite alla SLA; particolarmente importante è lo studio di associazione con la vitamina E condotto in Germania nel 2005.[6].

Uso per indicazioni non approvate (off-label)

Gli altri studi si riferiscono a ricerche in patologie nervose per indicazioni non approvate (off-label), e tra queste:

queste ricerche suggeriscono in prospettiva un ampio ambito di utilizzo di questo farmaco.

Note

  1. ^ Sigma Aldrich; rev. del 13.05.2014
  2. ^ RILUTEK. RCP, su torrinomedica.it. URL consultato l'8 luglio 2010.
  3. ^ Arun P, Moffett JR, Namboodiri AM., Riluzole decreases synthesis of N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells., in Brain Res., 12 aprile 2010 Apr 12, PMID 20394738.
  4. ^ a b Zoccolella S, Santamato A, Lamberti P., Current and emerging treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis., in Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat., vol. 5, 16 novembre 2009, pp. 577-95, PMID 19966906.
  5. ^ Riluzolo, su asrim.ch. URL consultato l'8 luglio 2010.
  6. ^ M. Graf, D. Ecker; R. Horowski; B. Kramer; P. Riederer; M. Gerlach; C. Hager; AC. Ludolph; G. Becker; J. Osterhage; WH. Jost, High dose vitamin E therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as add-on therapy to riluzole: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study., in J Neural Transm, vol. 112, n. 5, maggio 2005, pp. 649-60, DOI:10.1007/s00702-004-0220-1, PMID 15517433.
  7. ^ a b G. Bensimon, A. Ludolph; Y. Agid; M. Vidailhet; C. Payan; PN. Leigh; PN. Leigh; G. Bensimon; AC. Ludolph; PN. Leigh; Y. Agid, Riluzole treatment, survival and diagnostic criteria in Parkinson plus disorders: the NNIPPS study., in Brain, vol. 132, Pt 1, gennaio 2009, pp. 156-71, DOI:10.1093/brain/awn291, PMID 19029129.
  8. ^ PA. LeWitt, DC. Taylor, Protection against Parkinson's disease progression: clinical experience., in Neurotherapeutics, vol. 5, n. 2, aprile 2008, pp. 210-25, DOI:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.01.007, PMID 18394564.
  9. ^ C. Scherfler, T. Sather; E. Diguet; N. Stefanova; Z. Puschban; F. Tison; W. Poewe; GK. Wenning, Riluzole improves motor deficits and attenuates loss of striatal neurons in a sequential double lesion rat model of striatonigral degeneration (parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy)., in J Neural Transm, vol. 112, n. 8, agosto 2005, pp. 1025-33, DOI:10.1007/s00702-004-0245-5, PMID 15583958.
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  14. ^ a b c N. Stefanova, P. Bücke; S. Duerr; GK. Wenning, Multiple system atrophy: an update., in Lancet Neurol, vol. 8, n. 12, dicembre 2009, pp. 1172-8, DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70288-1, PMID 19909915.
  15. ^ RC. Shelton, O. Osuntokun; AN. Heinloth; SA. Corya, Therapeutic options for treatment-resistant depression., in CNS Drugs, vol. 24, n. 2, febbraio 2010, pp. 131-61, DOI:10.2165/11530280-000000000-00000, PMID 20088620.
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  19. ^ SJ. Mathew, JW. Murrough; M. aan het Rot; KA. Collins; DL. Reich; DS. Charney, Riluzole for relapse prevention following intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled continuation trial., in Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, vol. 13, n. 1, febbraio 2010, pp. 71-82, DOI:10.1017/S1461145709000169, PMID 19288975.
  20. ^ SJ. Mathew, HK. Manji; DS. Charney, Novel drugs and therapeutic targets for severe mood disorders., in Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 33, n. 9, agosto 2008, pp. 2080-92, DOI:10.1038/sj.npp.1301652, PMID 18172433.
  21. ^ G. Sanacora, SF. Kendell; Y. Levin; AA. Simen; LR. Fenton; V. Coric; JH. Krystal, Preliminary evidence of riluzole efficacy in antidepressant-treated patients with residual depressive symptoms., in Biol Psychiatry, vol. 61, n. 6, marzo 2007, pp. 822-5, DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.037, PMID 17141740.
  22. ^ H. Frieling, T. Hillemacher; JH. Demling; J. Kornhuber; S. Bleich, [New options in the treatment of depression], in Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr, vol. 75, n. 11, novembre 2007, pp. 641-52, DOI:10.1055/s-2007-959181, PMID 17366379.
  23. ^ T. Mestre, J. Ferreira; MM. Coelho; M. Rosa; C. Sampaio, Therapeutic interventions for disease progression in Huntington's disease., in Cochrane Database Syst Rev, n. 3, 2009, pp. CD006455, DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006455.pub2, PMID 19588392.
  24. ^ F. Squitieri, A. Ciammola; C. Colonnese; A. Ciarmiello, Neuroprotective effects of riluzole in Huntington's disease., in Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, vol. 35, n. 1, gennaio 2008, pp. 221-2, DOI:10.1007/s00259-007-0615-y, PMID 17987289.
  25. ^ GB. Landwehrmeyer, B. Dubois; JG. de Yébenes; B. Kremer; W. Gaus; PH. Kraus; H. Przuntek; M. Dib; A. Doble; W. Fischer; AC. Ludolph, Riluzole in Huntington's disease: a 3-year, randomized controlled study., in Ann Neurol, vol. 62, n. 3, settembre 2007, pp. 262-72, DOI:10.1002/ana.21181, PMID 17702031.
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Hidrogen astatida Model bola-dan-tongkat hidrogen astatida Model pengisian ruang hidrogen astatida Nama Nama IUPAC Hidrogen astatida[1] Nama IUPAC (sistematis) Astatana[2] Penanda Nomor CAS 13464-71-6 Y Model 3D (JSmol) Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} ChEBI CHEBI:30418 Y ChemSpider 22432 Y Nomor EC Referensi Gmelin 532398 PubChem CID 23996 Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID10274755 InChI InChI=1S/AtH/h1H YKey: PGLQOBBPBPTBQS-UH...