C-C chemokine receptor type 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR9gene.[5][6] This gene is mapped to the chemokine receptor gene cluster region. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.[6]
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the beta chemokine receptor family. CCR9 is a seven transmembrane protein similar to G protein-coupled receptors.[7][8][9]
Function
Chemokines and their receptors, such as CCR9 and its binding agonist, are key regulators of thymocyte migration and maturation in normal and inflammatory conditions.[8] The specific agonist or ligand that binds CCR9 is CCL25 also referred to as TECK[10] in some literature. The effects of chemokines binding to their specific receptors is generally dependent on the structural placement of the N terminal cysteine(s) amino acids.[11] Receptors are broken down into 4 family groups CXC, CC, C, and CX3C, because CCR9 has two adjacent cysteines it is a C-C family receptor.[11] C-C family chemokines (such as CCL25) are often associated with the recruitment of lymphocytes.[11][8] It has been found that this gene is differentially expressed by T lymphocytes of small intestine and colon, suggesting a role in thymocyte recruitment and development that may permit functional specialization of immune responses in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract.
Clinical significance
The breadth of effects following interactions of CCR9 and its binding ligand CCL25 are vast and not completely understood, however, it is generally thought that CCR9 and CCL25 play substantial roles in cancer proliferation and inflammatory diseases.[11] The location of CCR9 and CCL25 expression plays a substantial role in how it contributes to diseases.[11] For example, the high expression of CCL25 in the epithelial lining of the small intestine, has contributed to its strong association and influence on inflammatory disease of the gut such as inflammatory bowel disease.[11] However, CCR9 and CCL25 have also been associated with other inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma.[11][12] The role of CCR9 in cancer lies primarily in its ability to upregulate cell proliferation, metastasis, and the drug resistance.[12]
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
CCR9/CCL25 interactions are known to contribute to the up-regulated migration of memory T cell homing to the gut given high expression of CCL25 in intestinal lining.[11] As a result, it is suggested that CCR9 and CCL25 have been a key focus in promoting a balanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response in the gut.[11] It has been observed that decreased expression of CCL25 and CCR9 contributes to macrophage recruitment in the gut as well as inflammatory cytokines which induces the observed inflammation in IBD.[11] The inflammatory cytokines upregulated in the immune response of IBD are TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, and Th1/Th17.[11] Overall, it is likely that the interactions of CCR9 and CCL25 provide substantial protections against large intestinal inflammation via its ability to regulate inflammation in the gut by balancing the presence of inflammatory cytokines.[11]
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
CCR9/CCL25 interaction reduction is believed to improve the survival rate, cardiac function, and reduce infarct size following myocardial infarctions.[11] Additionally, reduced CCR9 expression following myocardial infarctions is also believed to attenuate apoptosis in the cells of the affected cardiac tissue while also reducing inflammation through the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines including: IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.[11] Overall, CCR9 and CCL25 are believed to play a key role in mitigating the damage to cardiac tissue following heart attacks, while also aiding cardiac remodeling.[11] The role CCR9 and CCL25 is thought to have in cardiovascular health has made it a key area of focus in clinical research.[11]
Cancer
CCR9/CCL25 interaction is believed to significantly influence the cellular functions of cancer cells and ultimately contribute to their proliferation and metastasis.[12] CCR9 and CCL25 interactions are understood to suppress apoptosis observed by cancer cells.[12] Apoptosis in cancer cells is an essential mechanism utilized to mitigate the proliferation of cancer cells.[12] The suggested reduction in apoptosis observed in cancer cells as a result of CCR9 and CCL25 interactions, ultimately supports the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells.[12] The observed proliferative and antiapoptotic effects of CCR9/CCL25 interaction, suggests the potential for targeted therapies that down-regulate CCR9/CCL25 for certain cancers including: leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer.[12]
^Youn BS, Yu KY, Oh J, Lee J, Lee TH, Broxmeyer HE (June 2002). "Role of the CC chemokine receptor 9/TECK interaction in apoptosis". Apoptosis. 7 (3): 271–276. doi:10.1023/A:1015320321511. PMID11997671. S2CID25082118.
^ abcdefgXu B, Deng C, Wu X, Ji T, Zhao L, Han Y, et al. (December 2020). "CCR9 and CCL25: A review of their roles in tumor promotion". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 235 (12): 9121–9132. doi:10.1002/jcp.29782. PMID32401349. S2CID218617059.
Further reading
Youn BS, Kim CH, Smith FO, Broxmeyer HE (October 1999). "TECK, an efficacious chemoattractant for human thymocytes, uses GPR-9-6/CCR9 as a specific receptor". Blood. 94 (7): 2533–2536. doi:10.1182/blood.V94.7.2533.419k37_2533_2536. PMID10498628.
Maho A, Bensimon A, Vassart G, Parmentier M (2000). "Mapping of the CCXCR1, CX3CR1, CCBP2 and CCR9 genes to the CCR cluster within the 3p21.3 region of the human genome". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 87 (3–4): 265–268. doi:10.1159/000015443. PMID10702689. S2CID1178132.
Qiuping Z, Qun L, Chunsong H, Xiaolian Z, Baojun H, Mingzhen Y, et al. (October 2003). "Selectively increased expression and functions of chemokine receptor CCR9 on CD4+ T cells from patients with T-cell lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia". Cancer Research. 63 (19): 6469–6477. PMID14559839.
"Chemokine Receptors: CCR9". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
