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VCAM1
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1IJ9, 1VCA, 1VSC
Identifiers
Aliases	VCAM1, CD106, INCAM-100, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
External IDs	OMIM: 192225; MGI: 98926; HomoloGene: 838; GeneCards: VCAM1; OMA:VCAM1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 1 (human)
End	100,739,045 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (mouse)
End	115,923,337 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	cartilage tissue; ; trabecular bone; ; parietal pleura; ; tendon of biceps brachii; ; vena cava; ; spleen; ; glomerulus; ; metanephric glomerulus; ; synovial joint; ; kidney tubule;
	Top expressed in
	stroma of bone marrow; ; spleen; ; dermis; ; Epithelium of choroid plexus; ; tibiofemoral joint; ; choroid plexus of fourth ventricle; ; left lung lobe; ; atrium; ; human fetus; ; thymus;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	primary amine oxidase activity; integrin binding; cell adhesion molecule binding;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane; Golgi apparatus; alpha9-beta1 integrin-vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 complex; membrane; filopodium; plasma membrane; apical part of cell; microvillus; cell surface; early endosome; endoplasmic reticulum; podosome; sarcolemma; extracellular exosome; external side of plasma membrane; extracellular space; integral component of plasma membrane;
Biological process	leukocyte cell-cell adhesion; response to ionizing radiation; heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules; response to hypoxia; response to nutrient; interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway; cellular response to tumor necrosis factor; response to nicotine; ageing; response to zinc ion; extracellular matrix organization; amine metabolic process; response to lipopolysaccharide; cell adhesion; acute inflammatory response; positive regulation of T cell proliferation; membrane to membrane docking; regulation of immune response; leukocyte tethering or rolling; cell chemotaxis; B cell differentiation; cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus; cell-matrix adhesion; viral process; response to ethanol; calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source; chronic inflammatory response; cell-cell adhesion; cytokine-mediated signaling pathway; heterotypic cell-cell adhesion; innervation; cardiac neuron differentiation; cell-cell adhesion in response to extracellular stimulus; cellular response to amyloid-beta;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	7412
	22329
	ENSG00000162692
	ENSMUSG00000027962
	P19320
	P29533
	NM_080682; NM_001078; NM_001199834
	NM_011693
	NP_001069; NP_001186763; NP_542413
	NP_035823
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VCAM1 gene.^[5] VCAM-1 functions as a cell adhesion molecule.

Structure

VCAM-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, the superfamily of proteins including antibodies and T-cell receptors. The VCAM-1 gene contains six or seven immunoglobulin domains, and is expressed on both large and small blood vessels only after the endothelial cells are stimulated by cytokines. It is alternatively spliced into two known RNA transcripts that encode different isoforms in humans.^[6] The gene product is a cell surface sialoglycoprotein, a type I membrane protein that is a member of the Ig superfamily.

Function

The VCAM-1 protein mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils to vascular endothelium. It also functions in leukocyte-endothelial cell signal transduction, and it may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Upregulation of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells by cytokines occurs as a result of increased gene transcription (e.g., in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)) and through stabilization of messenger RNA (mRNA) (e.g., Interleukin-4 (IL-4)). The promoter region of the VCAM1 gene contains functional tandem NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) sites. The sustained expression of VCAM-1 lasts over 24 hours.

Primarily, the VCAM-1 protein is an endothelial ligand for VLA-4 (Very Late Antigen-4 or integrin α4β1) of the β1 subfamily of integrins. VCAM-1 expression has also been observed in other cell types (e.g., smooth muscle cells). It has also been shown to interact with EZR^[7] and Moesin.^[7]

VCAM-1 is also upregulated if vWF (Von Willebrand Factor) is given in knock-out (KO) ADMATS13 mice but not on mice without KO.^[8]

CD106 also exists on the surface of some subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).^[9]

Pharmacology

Certain melanoma cells can use VCAM-1 to adhere to the endothelium,^[10] VCAM-1 may participate in monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic sites, and it is highly overexpressed in the inflamed brain.^[11] As a result, VCAM-1 is a potential drug target.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000162692 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027962 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Cybulsky M, Fries JW, Williams AJ, Sultan P, Eddy RL, Byers MG, Shows TB, Gimbrone MA Jr, Collins T (1991). "The human VCAM1 gene is assigned to chromosome 1p31-p32". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 58 (3–4): 1850–1867. doi:10.1159/000133735.
^ "Entrez Gene: VCAM1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1".
^ ^a ^b Barreiro O, Yanez-Mo M, Serrador JM, Montoya MC, Vicente-Manzanares M, Tejedor R, Furthmayr H, Sanchez-Madrid F (Jun 2002). "Dynamic interaction of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 with moesin and ezrin in a novel endothelial docking structure for adherent leukocytes". J. Cell Biol. 157 (7): 1233–45. doi:10.1083/jcb.200112126. PMC 2173557. PMID 12082081.
^ Le Besnerais M, Favre J, Denis CV, Mulder P, Martinet J, Nicol L, et al. (2016). "Assessment of endothelial damage and cardiac injury in a mouse model mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". J Thromb Haemost. 14 (10): 1917–1930. doi:10.1111/jth.13439. PMID 27501520.
^ Yang ZX, Han ZB, Ji YR, Wang YW, Liang L, Chi Y, et al. (2013). "CD106 identifies a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells with unique immunomodulatory properties". PLOS One. 8 (3): e59354. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859354Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059354. PMC 3595282. PMID 23555021.
^ Eibl RH, Benoit M (2004). "Molecular resolution of cell adhesion forces". IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology. 151 (3): 128–32. doi:10.1049/ip-nbt:20040707 (inactive 7 December 2024). PMID 16475855.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
^ Marcos-Contreras OA (2020). "Selective targeting of nanomedicine to inflamed cerebral vasculature to enhance the blood–brain barrier". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (7): 3405–3414. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912012117. PMC 7035611. PMID 32005712.

External links

VCAM-1 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P19320 (Vascular cell adhesion protein 1) at the PDBe-KB.