尖团音是尖音和团音的合称,指一种存在于汉语中的两组对立的咝音声母。对于齐齿呼和撮口呼的字,若声母为有咝齿头音[ʦ]、[ʦʰ]、[s](拼音:z, c, s)则称为尖音;若声母为有咝正齿音[ʨ]、[ʨʰ]、[ɕ](拼音:j, q, x)则称为团音。例如,“清”([ʦʰiŋ],发音即清华大学英文名中的“Tsing”)为尖音,“轻”([ʨʰiŋ],发音同普通话)为团音;又如,“西”([si],发音类似英文“see”)为尖音,“溪”([ɕi],发音类似英文“she”)为团音。
现时,普通话等许多汉语方言不再区分尖音和团音,这种现象被称为尖团合流。
尖团音的区别源于中古汉语的齿龈音([ʦ]、[ʦʰ]、[s]等)和软腭音([k]、[kʰ]、[x]等,即g, k, h)的对立,尖音直接继承自中古汉语的齿龈音,团音是软腭音腭化成齦齶音的结果。官话中的软腭音腭化成齦齶音约发生在明清之际。所以北方官話中發尖音音者聲母大多與粵語相似,發團音者在粵語中大多發[k]、[kʰ]、[x]聲母。
這種概念區分始見於清初,《圆音正考》裡已经有尖团音的概念[1]:“试取三十六字母审之,隶见溪群晓匣五母者属团,隶精清从心邪五母者属尖,判若泾渭。”尖音指当时官话裡[i]、[y]前的声母[ʦ]、[ʦʰ]、[s],如煎[ʦiɛn](ziān)、千[ʦʰiɛn](ciān)、先[siɛn](siān)的声母;团音指[i]、[y]前的声母[ʨ]、[ʨʰ]、[ɕ],如肩[ʨiɛn](jiān)、牵[ʨʰiɛn](qiān)、掀[ɕiɛn](xiān)的声母。
在昆曲中,把所有齿龈音稱为尖音,也把卷舌音称为团音,尖团音的对立,就成了齿龈音和齦齶音、卷舌音的对立。
在一些软腭音没有腭化成齦齶音的漢語中,也借用尖团音来表明齿龈音和软腭音的区别,这时尖音指齿龈音,团音指软腭音。
民國成立不久後於1913年建立的國語規範「老国音」,糅合眾多汉语方言特点,并存在着尖团音的区别,如“趣”读作尖音cǜ (cyù) ,而“去”读作团音qù。
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