平水韻

平水韻是宋代以後使用的詩韻系統。1223年，金朝平水[1]（一說是官名，一說是地名）王文郁作《新刊韻略》，將格律詩用字分為106韻。2001年在敦煌莫高窟北區石窟出土的古韻書《排字韻》的殘片，其內容與王文郁的《新刊韻略》完全一致，具有106韻的組織，是更早的206韻的《廣韻》的一種略本。[2]

歷史

在王文郁發行平水《新刊韻略》大致相同的一段時間，據信是南宋理宗淳祐十二年壬子年（1252年），劉淵曾編寫刊行過新的《禮部韻略》共107韻。《禮部韻略》已佚失，只能從元初黃公紹、熊忠的《古今韻會舉要》一書瞭解到一些概況。與仁宗景祐四年（1037年）發佈的206韻的科舉考試用官韻《禮部韻略》不同，新的《禮部韻略》和王文郁的106韻的平水《新刊韻略》是一致的，要麼是平水《新刊韻略》的修訂本(若王文郁的作品在前)，要麼是被平水《新刊韻略》參照的韻書(若劉淵的作品在前)。106韻和107韻的区别只在于上聲的“拯”、“迥”兩部合併与否。金末张天锡《草书韵会》（1231）、元初陰時夫著《韻府群玉》，均定106韻的版本为“平水韻”。明代以后文人則沿用106韻。

現在流傳的觀點認為平水韻得名於已佚失的劉淵的壬子新刊《禮部韻略》，說是因為劉淵是山西平水人的原因，而把王文郁作的平水《新刊韻略》當作平水韻形成的次要因素。這很值得考證一下：

  • 可能是夷夏之防的原因，在詩歌文史領域占統治地位的漢族知識分子以南宋為宗，把一部晚了近30年的抄襲之作當成了主流。若劉淵是山西平水人，則難以置信他會不知道近30年前平水籍人王文郁的大作。很有可能是劉淵年青時从山西平水攜帶一本王文郁的平水《新刊韻略》刻本，到南宋去得到相当的官職後稍作改動，便以自己的名義發表。
  • 也有可能劉淵的生平需要更多的考證。若劉淵是於南宋光宗紹熙三年壬子年（1192年）發表壬子新刊《禮部韻略》，便可以毫無疑問地擺脫抄襲之嫌疑，而能成為平水韻的當然作者。

韻目

平声 上声 去声 入声
上平声
東 董 送 屋
冬 腫 宋 沃
江 講 絳 覺
支 紙 寘  
微 尾 未  
魚 語 御  
虞 麌 遇  
齊 薺 霽  
    泰  
佳 蟹 卦  
灰 賄 隊  
眞 軫 震 質
文 吻 問 物
元 阮 願 月
寒 旱 翰 曷
刪 潸 諫 黠
下平声
先 銑 霰 屑
蕭 篠 嘯  
肴 巧 效  
豪 皓 號  
歌 哿 箇  
麻 馬 禡  
陽 養 漾 藥
庚 梗 敬 陌
青 迥 徑 錫
蒸     職
尤 有 宥  
侵 寢 沁 緝
覃 感 勘 合
鹽 琰（儉[3]） 艶 葉
咸 豏 陷 洽

註釋

  1. ^ 依據哈佛大學「中國歷代傳記人物資料庫 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）」所載，平水為隸屬於金朝河東南路絳州之鄉級行政區
  2. ^ 高田時雄(2004) 莫高窟北區石窟發現《排字韻》箚記 (PDF). [2006-12-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2005-09-20）. 
  3. ^ 避嘉慶帝（顒琰）之諱

外部連結

维基文库中的相关原始文献：平水韻

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