Isirawa language

Isirawa
Isirawa
Saberi
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Papua
Native speakers	(1,800 cited 2000)
Language family	Foja Range Kwerbic Isirawa; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	srl
Glottolog	isir1237
ELP	Isirawa

Isirawa is a Papuan language spoken by about two thousand people on the north coast of Papua province, Indonesia. It is a local trade language, and use is vigorous. Stephen Wurm (1975) linked it to the Kwerba languages within the Trans–New Guinea family, and it does share about 20% of its vocabulary with neighboring Kwerba languages. However, based on its pronouns, Malcolm Ross (2005) felt he could not substantiate such a link, and left it as a language isolate. The pronouns are not, however, dissimilar from those of Orya–Tor, which Ross links to Kwerba, and Donahue (2002) accept it as a Greater Kwerba language.

Locations

In Sarmi Regency, Isirawa is spoken in Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero, Nuerawar, Perkami, Siaratesa, Waim, Wari, and Webro villages.^[2]

Grammar

In Isirawa, the feminine gender is associated with big objects, and masculine with small objects; the opposite association is found in Tayap and the Sepik languages, which classify large objects as masculine rather than feminine.^[3]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive/Affricate		p	t	tʃ	k
Fricative	voiceless	f	s			h
Fricative	voiced	β
Rhotic			ɾ
Approximant		w		j

/n/ may be heard as [ɲ] when before /i/, and as [ŋ] when before /k/.
/k/ can be heard as [ʔ] in syllable-final positions after a vowel.
/j/ can also be heard as a fricative [ʝ] in free variation.
/w/ can also be heard as [ɣ] when between back vowels.^[4]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Near-high	ɪ
High-mid			o
Low-mid	ɛ	ʌ	ɔ
Low		a

Pronouns

The Isirawa pronouns are,

I	a-, e
we	nen-, ne
you	o-, mə
all third person	e-, maə, ce, pe

Ross's reconstructed Orya–Tor pronouns are *ai 'I', *ne 'we' (inclusive), *emei 'thou', *em 'you'.

Isirawa pronoun paradigm as given in Foley (2018):^[5]

pronoun	nominative	accusative	possessive
1s	e	afo	wə
2s	mɪ	ofo	of
3s		efo	ef
1d	ne	nenfo	nenef
2d	mɪ	ofnafo	ofnaf
3d		efnafo	efnaf
1p	ne	nenfɪvo	nenfɪ(v)
2p	mɪ	ofɪvo	ofɪ(v)
3p		efɪvo	efɪ(v)

References

^ Isirawa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Indonesia languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ Oguri, Hiroko; Erickson, Carol J. (1975). A tentative phonology of Isirawa. In Irian 4(1). pp. 38–66.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.