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Proto-South Sulawesi
Proto-South Sulawesi
Reconstruction of	South Sulawesi languages
Region	Sulawesi
Reconstructed; ancestors	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ;

South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
Geographic; distribution	Indonesia (Sulawesi, West Kalimantan)
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian South Sulawesi; ;
Proto-language	Proto-South Sulawesi
Subdivisions	Bugis–Tamanic; Makassar; Lemolang; Seko; Northern;
Language codes
Glottolog	sout2923
	Map showing the distribution of the South Sulawesi languages in Sulawesi and Kalimantan

The South Sulawesi languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. They are primarily spoken in the Indonesian provinces of South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, with a small outlying pocket in West Kalimantan (Tamanic).

Subgrouping

Internal classification

This classification follows Grimes & Grimes (1987) and the Ethnologue.^[1]^[2]

South Sulawesi
- Bugis
  - Buginese
    - Buginese
    - Campalagian
  - Tamanic
    - Embaloh
    - Taman
- Makassar
- Seko
- Lemolang
- Northern
  - Mamuju
  - Mandar
  - Massenrempulu
    - Duri
    - Enrekang
    - Malimpung
    - Maiwa
  - Pitu Ulunna Salu
    - Aralle-Tabulahan
    - Dakka
    - Pannei
    - Bambam
    - Ulumanda’
  - Toraja
    - Kalumpang
    - Tae’
    - Mamasa (including Pattae', Central Mamasa, and Northern Mamasa)
    - Toraja-Sa’dan
    - Talondo’

The position of the Tamanic languages, spoken in West Borneo, was unclear until the end of the last century. The Dutch linguist K.A. Adelaar showed that they are especially close to Buginese and thus can be included in the South Sulawesi subgroup.^[3]

Zobel (2020) also classifies the Badaic languages with Seko as part of a Seko–Badaic group within the South Sulawesi branch.^[4]

Notes: Italic writing indicates it is considered a dialect and not a separate language.

Position within Austronesian

At the current state of research, the South Sulawesi languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup within the Austronesian language family.^[5]

South Sulawesi influence in Malagasy

Adelaar (1995) suggested that the vocabulary of Malagasy, next to its basic stratum inherited from Barito and loanwords from Malay, also contains many words that are of South Sulawesi origin.^[6] Further evidence was presented by Blench (2018).^[7]

Reconstruction

Proto-South Sulawesi (PSS) has been reconstructed by Mills (1975a, 1975b).^[8]^[9]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i	*ɨ	*u
Mid	*e		*o
Open		*a

The Proto-South-Sulawesi vowel *ɨ is a reflex of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *ə. It is only preserved in Buginese, in all other languages it mostly became a (but under certain circumstances also i, u, e, and rarely o).^[10]

The main sources of the mid vowels are PMP *-iq/*-ay, which became *e, and *-uq/*-aw, which became *o,^[11] e.g.

PMP *putiq > PSS *pute 'white'

PMP *matay > PSS *mate 'dead'

PMP *suluq > PSS *sulo 'torch'

PMP *pisaw > PSS *piso 'knife'

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Stop	voiceless	*p	*t	*c	*k
Stop	voiced	*b	*d	*j	*g
Fricative	voiceless		*s
Fricative	voiced			*z	*ɣ
Nasal		*m	*n	*ñ	*ŋ
Lateral			*l
Trill			*r
Approximant		*w		*y

The velar fricative *ɣ only appears in final position as a reflex of PMP *R,^[12] while *z only is found in medial position as a reflex of PMP *j.^[13]

References

Citations

^ Grimes & Grimes (1987).
^ South Sulawesi at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
^ Adelaar (1994).
^ Zobel, Erik (2020). "The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 59 (1/2): 297–346. doi:10.1353/ol.2020.0014.
^ Smith (2017), p. 474.
^ Adelaar (1995).
^ Blench (2018).
^ Mills (1975a).
^ Mills (1975b).
^ Mills (1975a), p. 262–265.
^ Mills (1975a), p. 257.
^ Mills (1975a), p. 360.
^ Mills (1975a), p. 310.

Bibliography

Adelaar, K. A. (1994). "The Classification of the Tamanic Languages". In Dutton, Tom; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1–42.
Adelaar, Alexander (1995). "Asian Roots of the Malagasy: A Linguistic Perspective". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 151 (3): 325–356. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003036. JSTOR 27864676.
Blench, Roger (2018), Interdisciplinary Approaches to Stratifying the Peopling of Madagascar (PDF) – via www.rogerblench.info
Grimes, C. E.; Grimes, B. E. (1987). Languages of South Sulawesi. Pacific Linguistics Series D – No. 78. Canberra: Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-D78. ISBN 0858833522.
Mills, Roger Frederick (1975a). Proto South Sulawesi and Proto Austronesian Phonology (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/157431.
Mills, Roger Frederick (1975b). "The Reconstruction of Proto-South-Sulawesi". Archipel. 10 (1): 205–224. doi:10.3406/arch.1975.1250.
Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.