Northern Formosan languages

Northern Formosan
(proposed)
Geographic
distribution		Taiwan
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
  • Northern Formosan
Language codes
Glottologwest2572  (Western Plains)
nort2899  (Northwestern)
atay1246  (Atayalic)
(orange) Li's Northern Formosan

The Northern Formosan languages is a proposed grouping of Formosan languages that includes the Atayalic languages, the Western Plains languages (Papora, Hoanya, Babuza, and Taokas), and the Northwest Formosan languages (Pazeh and Saisiyat; Li places Western Plains with this grouping).

The Northern Formosan subgroup was first proposed by Paul Jen-kuei Li in 1985.[1] Blust (1999) rejects the unity of the proposed Northern Formosan branch. A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, however, supports the unity of the Northern Formosan branch with a 97% confidence level (see Austronesian languages#Classification).

Evidence

The following sound changes from Proto-Austronesian occurred in the Northern Formosan languages (Li 2008:215).[2]

Also, Pazeh, Saisiyat, and Thao are only Formosan languages that allow for SVO constructions, although this may be due to intensive contact with Taiwanese.[3]

Also, the Atayal, Seediq, and Pazeh languages have devoiced final consonants that were present in the Proto-Austronesian (Blust 2009:616).

Northwestern Formosan

Li (2003, 2008) concludes the six western Plains languages split off from Proto-Northwestern Formosan. The classification is as follows.

Northwestern

The four coastal languages of Taokas, Babuza, Papora, and Hoanya share the following innovations (Li 2003).

  1. Loss of *k
  2. Loss of *-y
  3. Merger of *s and *t in non-final position
  4. Complete merger of *ŋ and *n

Thao shares the following innovations with the four coastal languages (Li 2003).

  1. Merger of *s and *t
  2. Merger of *ŋ and *n

Pazih has undergone the following two sound changes.

  1. Merger of *j and *s as /z/
  2. Merger of *C and *S1 as /s/

Li (2003) does not consider Pazih to be very closely related to Saisiyat (Li 2003:946).

However, Shibata (2022) argues that the "Western Plains" languages in fact form a convergence area or linguistic area rather than a true subgroup.[4]

Notes

  1. ^ Li, Paul Jen-kuei (1985). "The position of Atayal in the Austronesian family." In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2004. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages, vol. 2. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
  2. ^ Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2008. "Time perspective of Formosan Aborigines." In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia ed. Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics. Taylor & Francis US.
  3. ^ Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1998. "台灣南島語言 [The Austronesian Languages of Taiwan]." In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2004. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
  4. ^ Shibata, Kye. 2022. Reexamining the historical relationships of the "Western Plains" languages. Presentation given at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS 31), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, May 18–20, 2022.

References

  • Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2003). "The Internal Relationships of Six Western Plains Languages." In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2004. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages, vol. 2. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.

Read other articles:

Dewan Tinggi Kerala

Dewan Tinggi Keralaകേരള ഉന്നത ന്യായാലയംKerala Unnatha NyayalayamDidirikan1956Negara IndiaLokasiErnakulam, Kochi, KeralaKoordinat9°59′10″N 76°16′29″E / 9.98611°N 76.27472°E / 9.98611; 76.27472Koordinat: 9°59′10″N 76°16′29″E / 9.98611°N 76.27472°E / 9.98611; 76.27472Cara penunjukkanPresidensial dengan konfirmasi Ketua Keadilan India dan Gubernur negara bagian masing-masing.Disahkan o...

 

 

Dobrochov

DobrochovMunicipality Lambang kebesaranDobrochovKoordinat: 49°23′13″N 17°6′23″E / 49.38694°N 17.10639°E / 49.38694; 17.10639Koordinat: 49°23′13″N 17°6′23″E / 49.38694°N 17.10639°E / 49.38694; 17.10639Country CekoRegionOlomoucDistrictProstějovLuas • Total2,52 km2 (97 sq mi)Ketinggian237 m (778 ft)Populasi (2006) • Total274 • Kepadatan1,1/km2 (2,8/sq...

 

 

Affirm Films

American faith-based film studio Affirm FilmsCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryFilmTelevision programmingGenre Evangelical Christian Drama Kids & Family (starting with The Star) Biblical (starting with Risen) Horror & Thriller (starting with The Remaining) Founded2007; 17 years ago (2007)Headquarters10202 West Washington Boulevard. Stage #6-513 Culver City, California, U.S.Area servedWorldwideKey peopleRich Peluso (Executive Vice President)Tana Evans (Senior Vice Preside...

Robert Todd Lincoln

Robert Lincoln beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Robert Lincoln (disambiguasi). Robert Todd Lincoln Menteri Perang Amerika Serikat 35Masa jabatan5 Maret 1881 – 5 Maret 1885PresidenJames GarfieldChester A. ArthurPendahuluAlexander RamseyPenggantiWilliam C. EndicottDuta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk Britania Raya Masa jabatan1889–1893PresidenBenjamin HarrisonPendahuluEdward J. PhelpsPenggantiThomas F. Bayard Informasi pribadiLahir(1843-08-01)1 Agustus 1843Springf...

 

 

Joseph Holston

American painter and printmaker Joseph Holston (born Joseph Deweese Holston Jr., April 6, 1944) is an American painter and printmaker best known for his portrayals of the African American experience, using vivid colors and expressive lines in a cubist-abstractionist style. His media include painting, etching, silk screen, and collage. Life and career Joseph Holston grew up in the small Black community of Hawkins Lane, in what was then a rural area of Chevy Chase, Maryland, in suburban Washing...

 

 

Esztergom County

County of the Kingdom of Hungary Esztergom CountyComitatus Stringoniensis (Latin)Esztergom vármegye (Hungarian)Komitat Gran (German) County of the Kingdom of Hungary(10th century-1543, 1690-1786, 1790-1923, 1938-1945) Coat of arms CapitalEsztergomArea • Coordinates47°48′N 18°45′E / 47.800°N 18.750°E / 47.800; 18.750  • 19101,076 km2 (415 sq mi)Population • 1910 90,800 History • Estab...

RTS 1 (Swiss TV channel)

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourc...

 

 

Samantha Hoopes

American model Samantha HoopesHoopes in 2014Born (1991-02-10) February 10, 1991 (age 33)Doylestown, Pennsylvania, U.S.Children2Modeling informationHeight5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)Hair colorBlondeBrown (natural)Eye colorHazelAgency MGM Models (Hamburg)[1] Samantha Hoopes (born February 10, 1991) is an American model known for her appearances in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue from 2014 to 2020.[2] Early life and education Samatha Hoopes was born on February 10...

 

 

Iran at the 1958 Asian Games

Sporting event delegationIran at the1958 Asian GamesIOC codeIRNNOCNational Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of IranWebsitewww.olympic.ir (in Persian and English)in TokyoCompetitors79 in 11 sportsFlag bearerMahmoud NamjooMedalsRanked 4th Gold 7 Silver 14 Bronze 11 Total 32 Asian Games appearances (overview)1951195419581962196619701974197819821986199019941998200220062010201420182022 Iran participated in the 1958 Asian Games held in the capital city of Tokyo, Japan. This count...

Wenzhou–Fuzhou railway

Railway line in China Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway Wenzhou–Fuzhou SectionThe railway in Lianjiang County, Fujian.OverviewNative name杭福深高速铁路温福段StatusOperationalOwner CR Shanghai CR Nanchang LocaleZhejiang provinceFujian provinceServiceTypeHigh-speed railHeavy railSystem China Railway High-speedOperator(s) CR Shanghai CR Nanchang Depot(s)FuzhouHistoryOpenedSeptember 28, 2009 (2009-09-28)TechnicalLine length298.1 km (185 mi)Number...

 

 

Dafnah

Dafnah Daun dan kuncup bunga Laurus nobilis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Tracheophyta (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Magnoliid Ordo: Laurales Famili: Lauraceae Genus: Laurus Spesies: L. nobilis Nama binomial Laurus nobilisL. Dafnah atau salam sebrang adalah sebuah pohon hijau abadi aromatik atau perdu besar berdaun hijau yang berasal dari kawasan Mediterania. Tumbuhan tersebut merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang digunakan untuk perasa daun salam dala...

 

 

Mario Ricci (politico 1908)

Mario Ricci Deputato della Repubblica ItalianaLegislaturaI, II GruppoparlamentareComunista CoalizioneFronte Democratico Popolare (1948) CollegioParma Incarichi parlamentariMembro della Commissione Difesa Sito istituzionale Dati generaliPartito politicoPartito Comunista Italiano Professioneboscaiolo, sterratore Mario Ricci (Pavullo nel Frignano, 20 maggio 1908 – Pavullo nel Frignano, 18 agosto 1989) è stato un partigiano e politico italiano noto col nome di battaglia Armando. Medaglia ...

Iberá National Park

National park in Argentina Iberá National ParkParque Nacional IberáIUCN category II (national park)[5]Aerial view over the Iberá WetlandsLocationCorrientes ProvinceCoordinates28°7′2.6″S 57°17′17.5″W / 28.117389°S 57.288194°W / -28.117389; -57.288194Area195,094 ha (753.26 sq mi)DesignationNational ParkEstablished2018www.argentina.gob.ar/parquesnacionales/ibera Iberá National Park is a national park in Argentina located in the northeast pro...

 

 

對習近平的負面稱呼

习近平 习近平自2012年出任中共中央总书记成为最高领导人期间，因其废除国家主席任期限制、开启总书记第三任期、集权统治、公共政策与理念、知识水平和自述经历等争议，被中国大陸及其他地区的民众以其争议事件、个人特征及姓名谐音创作负面称呼，用以恶搞、讽刺或批评习近平。对习近平的相关负面称呼在互联网上已经形成了一种活跃、独特的辱包亚文化。 权力�...

 

 

ممالك النار (مسلسل)

ممالك النار النوع تاريخي تأليف محمد سليمان عبد المالك إخراج بيتر ويبر بطولة خالد النبوي محمود نصر عبد المنعم عمايري رشيد عساف منى واصف خالد نجم كندة حنا عاكف نجم رنا شميس ندين تحسين بيك فتحي الهداوي ديمة قندلفت حسن عويتي رفيق علي أحمد البلد  الإمارات العربية المتحدة لغة...

العلاقات المجرية الكرواتية

العلاقات المجرية الكرواتية المجر كرواتيا   المجر   كرواتيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات المجرية الكرواتية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين المجر وكرواتيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة الم�...

 

 

آدم فيشر

آدم فيشر (بالمجرية: Fischer Ádám)‏    معلومات شخصية الميلاد 9 سبتمبر 1949 (75 سنة)[1]  بودابست  مواطنة المجر  إخوة وأخوات إيفان فيشر  أقرباء بيتر فيشر  [لغات أخرى]‏ (ابن خال من الدرجة الأولى)جيورجي فيشر (ابن خال من الدرجة الأولى)  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأ�...

 

 

حرب المعلومات الروسية ضد أوكرانيا

جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالأزمة الأوكرانية أحداث رئيسة الميدان الأوروبي الثورة الأوكرانية 2014 اضطرابات 2014 الموالية لروسيا في أوكرانيا الحرب الروسية الأوكرانية ضم الاتحاد الروسي للقرم الحرب في دونباس حادثة مضيق كيرتش الغزو الروسي لأوكرانيا مواضيع رئيسة قضية أوكرانيا ضد رو�...

Ebbw Valley Railway

Commuter railway line in Cardiff, Wales This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: It needs more explanation of the South Wales Metro and corresponding changes to the trains and services on the line.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022) Ebbw Valley RailwayRheilffordd Cwm EbwyRogerstone railway stationOverviewStatusOperationalOwnerNetwork RailLocaleEbbw Valley, South WalesTermini51°46′55″N 3°12′22″W...

 

 

Todos Santos Cuchumatán

Municipality in Huehuetenango, GuatemalaTodos Santos CuchumatánMunicipalityHorse races in Todos Santos CuchumatánTodos Santos CuchumatánLocation in GuatemalaCoordinates: 15°31′0″N 91°37′0″W / 15.51667°N 91.61667°W / 15.51667; -91.61667Country GuatemalaDepartment HuehuetenangoMunicipalityTodos Santos CuchumatánGovernment • TypeMunicipalArea • Municipality269 km2 (104 sq mi)Elevation2,500 m (8,200 ft)Highes...