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Coosan
Coosan
Kusan
Geographic; distribution	Oregon
Ethnicity	Coos people
Linguistic classification	Penutian? Coast Oregon Penutian? Coosan; ;
Subdivisions	Hanis; Miluk;
Language codes
Glottolog	coos1248
	Pre-contact distribution of Coosan languages in Oregon

The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast. Both languages are now extinct.

Classification

Coosan
- Hanis †
- Miluk † (a.k.a. Lower Coquille)

Melville Jacobs (1939) says that the languages are as close as Dutch and German. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different.

The origin of the name Coos is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem gus- meaning 'south' as in gusimídži·č 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern Oregon Athabaskan word ku·s meaning 'bay'.

Frachtenburg was the first major ethnolinguist to address the relatedness of these languages, saying that Hanis and Miluk were dialects of the same "Kusan" language.^[1] Melville Jacobs also said that they were two dialects of the same languages; though he did note that Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson said they were in fact distinct languages and that Miluk had two dialects.^[2] In 1916 Edward Sapir suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger Oregon Penutian genetic grouping. This analysis has been accepted by some.^[3]

However, more recent work has placed Hanis and Miluk as both separate languages and part of their own language family,^[4] with Douglas-Tavani doing a comparative reconstruction of Proto-Coosan's phonemes and vocabulary ^[5]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			u	uː
Mid	e	eː	ə
Open			a	aː

Diphthongs

ai	a*
e*	o*

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal			Dorsal			Glottal
		Labial	plain	lateral	affricate		plain	labial	Glottal
Occlusive	voice	b	d		d		g	gʷ
	voiceless	p	t		ts	tʃ	k	kʷ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ		tsʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ
Continuant	voice	m	n	l			j
Continuant	voiceless		s	ɬ		ʃ	x	w	h

Three Series of Stops

Aspirated	/p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/
Optionally Voiced	/b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /ɢ/
Ejectives	/pʼ/, /tʼ/, /cʼ/, /kʼ/, /kwʼ/, /qʼ/

Key

Glottal stops are represented by ʔ for ⟨ɜ⟩.^{[clarification needed]}
Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (pʼ) can be substituted as exclamation points (p!)
Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m·)

^[6]^[7]

References

^ Frachtenburg (1914:305)
^ Jacobs (1940:4)
^ Delancey and Golla (1997:181)
^ Mithun (1999:72)
^ Douglas-Tavani (2021)
^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 396–397.
^ Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1914). Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialects. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp. 141–150). (Reprinted 1969, New York: AMS Press).
Frachtenberg, Leo Joachim (1913). Coos texts. Columbia University Press. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Whereat, Don. (1992). (Personal communication in Mithun 1999).
Jacobs, Melville. (1940). Coos Narrative and Ethnologic Texts. University of Washington: Seattle.
DeLancey, S., & Golla, V. (1997). ‘The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect’. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 171-202.
Douglas-Tavani, Jordan AG. (2021). 'Languages of the Bay: On the Proto-Coosan Hypothesis'. University of California: Santa Barbara. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20f1966w