Muskogean languages

"Muskogean" redirects here. For the indigenous people, see Muscogee.
Muskogean
Geographic
distribution		Southeastern North America
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologmusk1252
Pre-contact distribution of Muskogean languages

Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is a Native American language family spoken in different areas of the Southeastern United States. Though the debate concerning their interrelationships is ongoing, the Muskogean languages are generally divided into two branches, Eastern Muskogean and Western Muskogean. Typologically, Muskogean languages are agglutinative. One documented language, Apalachee, is extinct and the remaining languages are critically endangered.

Genetic relationships

Family division

The Muskogean family consists of six languages that are still spoken: Alabama, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (previously referred to as Creek), Koasati, and Mikasuki, as well as the now-extinct Apalachee, Houma, and Hitchiti (the last is generally considered a dialect of Mikasuki).[1] "Seminole" is listed as one of the Muskogean languages in Hardy's list, but it is generally considered a dialect of Muscogee rather than a separate language, as she comments.[2]

The major subdivisions of the family have long been controversial, but the following lower-level groups are universally accepted: Choctaw–Chickasaw, Alabama–Koasati, Hitchiti–Mikasuki, and Muscogee.[3][4][5] Because Apalachee is extinct, its precise relationship to the other languages is uncertain; Mary Haas and Pamela Munro both classify it with the Alabama–Koasati group.[6]

Haas's classification

For connections among these groupings, the traditional classification is that of Mary Haas and her students, such as Karen Booker, in which "Western Muskogean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw) is seen as one major branch, and "Eastern Muskogean" (Alabama-Koasati, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, and Muscogee) as another. Within Eastern Muskogean, Alabama-Koasati and Hitchiti-Mikasuki are generally thought to be more closely related to each other than to Muscogee.[7] That classification is reflected in the list below:[8][9]

  • Muskogean
    • Western Muskogean
    • Eastern Muskogean
      • Muscogee (also called Muskogee, Maskoke, Mvskoke, Seminole, and previously referred to as Creek)
      • Hitchiti-Mikasuki (also called Miccosukee)
      • Apalachee–Alabama–Koasati

Munro's classification

A more recent and controversial classification has been proposed by Pamela Munro. In her classification, the languages are divided into a "Southern Muskogean" branch (Choctaw-Chickasaw, Alabama-Koasati, and Hitchiti-Mikasuki) and a "Northern Muskogean" one (Muscogee). Southern Muskogean is the subdivided into Hitchiti-Mikasuki and a "Southwestern Muskogean" branch containing Alabama-Koasati and "Western Muskogean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw).[7] The classification is reflected in the list below:[10]

Kimball's classification

A third proposed classification is that of Geoffrey Kimball, who envisions a threeway split among the languages, with "Western Muskogean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw), "Eastern Muskogean" (Muscogee), and "Central Muskogean" (Alabama-Koasati and Hitchiti-Mikasuki).[11] However, Kimball's classification has not received as much support as either Haas's or Munro's.[12]

Broader relationships

Possible Muskogean languages

Several sparsely attested languages have been claimed to be Muskogean languages. George Broadwell suggested that the languages of the Yamasee and Guale were Muskogean.[13][14] However, William Sturtevant argued that the "Yamasee" and "Guale" data were Muscogee and that the language(s) spoken by the Yamasee and Guale people remain unknown.[15] It is possible that the Yamasee were an amalgamation of several different ethnic groups and did not speak a single language. Chester B. DePratter describes the Yamasee as consisting mainly of speakers of Hitchiti and Guale.[16] The historian Steven Oatis also describes the Yamasee as an ethnically mixed group that included people from Muskogean-speaking regions, such as the early colonial-era native towns of Hitchiti, Coweta, and Cussita.[17]

The Amacano, Chacato, Chine, Pacara, and Pensacola people, who lived along the Gulf Coast of Florida from the Big Bend Coast to Pensacola Bay, are reported to have spoken the same Muskogean language, which may have been closely related to Choctaw.[18][19][20][21]

Sparse evidence indicates that a Muskogean language was spoken by at least some of the people of the paramount chiefdom of Cofitachequi in northeastern South Carolina. If so, that would be the most eastern outpost of Muskogean. The people of Cofitichequi were probably absorbed by nearby Siouan and Iroquoian speakers in the late 17th century.[22]

A vocabulary of the Houma may be another underdocumented Western Muskogean language or a version of Mobilian Jargon, a pidgin based on Western Muskogean.

Gulf

Main article: Gulf languages

The best-known connection proposed between Muskogean and other languages is Mary Haas' Gulf hypothesis, in which she conceived of a macrofamily comprising Muskogean and a number of language isolates of the southeastern US: Atakapa, Chitimacha, Tunica, and Natchez. While well-known, the Gulf grouping is now generally rejected by historical linguists.[13][23] A number of Muskogean scholars continue to believe that Muskogean is related to Natchez.[24]

Features

Nouns

Most family languages display lexical accent on nouns and grammatical case, which distinguishes the nominative from the oblique. Nouns do not obligatorially inflect for gender or number.

Verbs

Muskogean verbs have a complex ablaut system; the verbal stem almost always changes depending on aspect; less commonly, it is affected by tense or modality. In Muskogean linguistics, the different forms are known as "grades".

Verbs mark for first and second person, as well as agent and patient (Choctaw and Chickasaw also mark for dative). Third-persons (he, she, it) have a null-marker.

Plurality of a noun agent is marked by either affixation on the verb or an innately plural verbal stem:

Pluralization via affixation, Choctaw:

ishimpa

ish-impa

2SG.NOM-eat

ish-impa

2SG.NOM-eat

"you [sg.] eat"

hashimpa

hash-impa

2PL.NOM-eat

hash-impa

2PL.NOM-eat

"you [pl.] eat"

Innately-numbered verbal stems, Mikasuki:

łiniik

run.SG

łiniik

run.SG

"to run (singular)"

palaak

run.PAU

palaak

run.PAU

"to run (several)"

mataak

run.PL

mataak

run.PL

"to run (many)"

Vocabulary

Below is a list of basic vocabulary in five Muskogean languages from Broadwell (1992):[25]

Muskogean basic vocabulary from by Broadwell (1992)
gloss Chickasaw Choctaw Alabama Mikasuki Muscogee
all mõma mõma óyha maamos- omalka
ashes hottok hitokchobi histo tolhambi iisso
belly ittakoba' iffoka ikfi lampi nalhki
big ishto chito coba coob- lhakkii
bird foshi' hoshi foosi foosi foswa
bite kisili kopooli kachalhlhi kabalikci akkita
black losa losa loca looci lasti
blood issish issish lhakhani picikci caati
bone foni' foni cokfoni -fooni iffoni
breast ip shik ip shik pisi owaaci hokpi
burn lowa lowah libatli yill- noklhita
claw iyyakchosh iyyakchosh iyyaksi iiyakoosi ilinkososwa
cloud hoshonti hoshõti onoolici hosoti aholocii
cold kapassa kapassa kasatka kapaali kasappi
come minti m ti ila ont- atita
die illi illi illi il- ilita
dog ofi' ofi ifa iifi ifa
drink ishko ishko isko isk- iskita
dry shila shila solotka sokook- kalhpii
ear haksibis haksobish hakco hacoobi hakco
earth yakni' yakni ihaani yakni iikana
eat impa pa ipa imp- hompita
egg akankoshi' akãkoshi akaakocóòsi onaasi costaki
eye ishkin nishkin ittilhi iti tolhwa
fat (grease) niha bila nitokci niihi nihaa
fire lowak lowak tikba iiti tootka
fish nani' nani lhalho lhaalhi lhalho
fly, to wakaa hika wakayka yakaal- tamkita
foot iyyi' iyyi iyyi iyi ili
full kayya kayya kayya labakni fackita
give ima ima inka iik- imita
good chokma achokma kano hiilhi h lhi
green okchamali okchamaali okcakko honotbitalakci laani
hair pãshi'/hishi' pãshi/hishi hissi tokisi issi
hand ilbak ibbak ilbi ilbi inki
head ishkobo' noshkobo isbakko yoosi ika
hear hánglo haklo haalo hakl- pohita
heart chõkash chõkash conoska conosbi fiiki
horn lapish lapish lapihci lap-i yapi
I ano' ano ana aani ani
kill abi abi ibi ill c iliicita
knee iyyinto'lhka' iyyi kalaaha ittôlhpa tolhpi tolhkowa
know ithána ikhana sobayli ataalh kilhlhita
lie down, to tí'wa talaaya baláàli talaal wakkita
liver salakha salakha illopi lopi lopi
long falaa falaaya baski backi capki
louse issap issap icha hicahci icka
man hattak nakni' hattak nakni naani nakni honanwa
many lawa lawa lawa aconki solkii
meat (flesh) nipi' nipi nipo akni apiswa
mountain onchaba habik bokkoscaaha iikanhalwii
mouth iti itialbi icokhalbi ici cokwa
name holhchifo hohchifo holcifa hocilki hocifka
neck nokhistap ikkõla nokbi nokbi nokwa
new himitta himmona hahpa himaci mocasi
night oklhili' ninak tanka niilhaki nilhii
nose ibichchala' ibishakni ibisaani ibi yopoo
not ki'yo kiiyo mánko maati monks
one chaffa achaffa caffaaka lhaamin hamkin
person (human) hattak hattak aati yaati isti
rain omba õba oyba okoob- oskita
red homma homma homma kitisci caati
road (path) hina' hina hini hini nini
root haksish hakshish assikci aski yalomka
round lhibokta kalaaha bonotka polocki polooki
say aachi aachi manka kaac maakita
sand shinok shinok sanco samooci oktaaha
see p sa p sa hicha hica hicita
seed nihi' nihi hilhikci yiilhi nilhka
sit bínni'li biniili cokóòli cokool- leykita
skin hakshop hakshop affakci halbi halhpi
sleep nosi nosi noci nooc- nocita
small iskanno'si osi cinoofa wink- cotki
smoke shobohli shobohli sobotli ockoci ikkoci
stand híkki'ya hikiiya lokóòli lokooka hoylhita
star foshik fichik hociilhi owaaciki kocacampa
stone tali' tali tali tali cato
sun hashi' hashi hasi haasi hasi
swim yopi okshiniili oohapka opahk- omeyyita
tail hasimbish has bis haci haaci haci
that yamma ma akki ma ma
this yappa pa ya ya ya
thou ishno' chishno isna cihn- ciimi
tongue isõlash ittõlas icoolaksi cokolaasi tolaaswa
tooth noti' noti innati -nooti noti
tree itti' itti itto ahi ito
two toklo toklo tôklo toklan hokkoolin
walk nõwa nowa ciyahli cayahl yakapita
warm (hot) lashpa lashpa ikba hãyyi hayyita
water oka' oka oki ooki oywa
we poshno' pishno posna pohni poomi
what nanta natah náàsi naaki naaki
white tohbi tohbi hatka hatki hatki
who kata katah náksi noolh- isteyma
woman ihoo ohooyo tayyi tayki hoktii
yellow lakna lakna laana lakni laanii

Proto-language

Proto-Muskogean
Reconstruction ofMuskogean languages

Phonology

Proto-Muskogean is reconstructed as having the consonants (given in IPA transcription):[26]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Central Lateral Plain Labialized
Stops *p *t *k *kʷ
Affricates *ts *tʃ
Fricatives *s *ɬ *ʃ *x *xʷ
Nasals *m *n
Approximants *l *j *w
Other *θ

The phonemes reconstructed by Haas as */x/ and */xʷ/ show up as /h/ and /f/ (or /ɸ/[27]), respectively, in all Muskogean languages;[28] they are therefore reconstructed by some as */h/ and */ɸ/.[10][29] */kʷ/ appears as /b/ in all the daughter languages except Muscogee for which it is /k/ initially and /p/ medially. The value of the proto-phoneme conventionally written ⟨θ⟩ (or ⟨N⟩) is unknown;[30] it appears as /n/ in Western Muskogean languages and as /ɬ/ in Eastern Muskogean languages. Haas reconstructed it as a voiceless /n/ (that is, */n̥/), based partly on presumed cognates in Natchez.[10][31]

Lexicon

Proto-Muskogean lexical reconstructions by Booker (2005) are as follows.

Proto-Muskogean reconstructions by Booker (2005)
no. gloss Proto-Muskogean branch
1 dove, pigeon *pačiCi
2 stem, stalk *apiCi
3 rock *taliCi
4 tooth *notiCi
5 skunk *koniCo
6 (to) bloom *pakanli
7 arrow *θakiCi
8 night *niθaki
9 yellow-shafted pucker *xʷitokxaki
10 mulberry *kʷixiCi
11 (to) copy, imitate *a-xokʷa
12 behind *yokʷala
13 pokeweed *kosikʷaCa
14 (to) have ringworm *xiClampakʷi
15 overtake *¢aCki
16 (to) sleep *no¢i
17 fox *čolaCa
18 crawfish *sakačiCo
19 otter *osana
20 (to) boil *moxoθi
21 pass through *lompotVli
22 peel off *čilaxʷa
23 pull, hold *xalato
24 seed (in fruit) *nixiliCi
25 ashes *ixistoko
26 (to) sit (pl) *kaxa
27 land *ixakanika
28 (to) vomit) *axowita
29 medicine *axinlisi
30 axe *čaxaxʷi
31 duck *xʷočo
32 (to) name *xocixʷa
33 screech owl *xaxʷonlo
34 grandfather *axʷaCo
35 (to) beat, stir up *kʷaxʷo
36 (to) gnaw *kalixʷi
37 fall off *čilaxʷa
38 (to) whip, lash *loCkanxʷo
39 chief, king *minkkoCo
40 (to) protrude *xʷama
41 bone *xʷoniCi
42 liver, marrow *lopiCi
43 (to) scratch, slice *kalaxʷa
44 back (of body) *θali
45 spring (of water) *kaliCi
46 (to) doctor *alikci
47 horn *(i-)lapi
48 cuckoo *talonktaCi
49 grubworm *yolaCa
50 turtle *lok¢iCa
51 (to) go *aya
52 crane *watonlaka
53 wildcat *kowiCi
54 cricket *šalontakiCa
55 squash *šoksiCi
56 ant *šonkkʷani
57 skin, rind *axʷakšopi
58 son *ošiCi
59 tendon, muscle, blood vessel, intestine *xʷikši
60 yellow, green, brown *lakna
61 trout *¢akliCo
62 two *toklo
63 sifting basket *sakla
64 soft-shelled turtle *xolakwaCa
65 hole, hollow *olakkʷi
66 sun *xasiCi
67 (to) offer *wayli
68 hoe *loyli
69 (to) mark *čawli
70 persimmon *xoθkoxʷa
71 mushroom *paktiCo
72 sack, bag *sokča
73 ghost *silopi
74 turkey *xʷakito
75 betsy bug *i¢sonksiCo
76 (to) beg, plead for *kosapi
77 hear *xaklo
78 earthworm *lakapčo
79 peach *tapakonla
80 (of liquid) *¢itko
81 flat and wide *patakxa
82 wise *ko¢tini
83 small *i¢katini
84 (to) shoot at and hit *i¢xo
85 smoke *ičkoči
86 mother *ičkiCi
87 rectum *ičkoCkʷiko
88 (to) inflate *sokpaxʷa
89 destroy, ruin *xokpani
90 (to) adhere to *alokpa
91 (to) pucker *wiliksi Proto-Eastern Muskogean
92 double *poktaCa
93 tree *iktiCo
94 frog *sokaktiCi
95 pass wind *xok¢o
96 upper arm *sakkʷaCa
97 astringent tasting *tikkʷa
98 opossum *sokxaCa
99 rabbit *čokxʷiCi
100 jaw, chin *notakxʷa
101 bramble, briar *kʷakčoko Proto-Eastern Muskogean
102 rib, side *nak¢iCi
103 flea *kastiCo
104 (to) drink *isko
105 rot, decay *toskʷi
106 knee *in-tolkopa
107 father *iθkiCi
108 (to) steal *xoθkopa
109 young *ximanixta
110 day *nixtaka
111 river *xaxčaCi
112 hungry *xox(ʷ)čaxʷa
113 different *im-alaxka
114 (to) pinch *yikixʷla
115 skin *xalkʷiCi
116 wife *xaliki Proto-Eastern Muskogean
117 (to) forget *ilxosi Proto-Eastern Muskogean
118 (to) grow, sprout *xolxʷanti
119 white oak *kʷalyiCa
120 pine *colyi Proto-Eastern Muskogean
121 (to) raise animals *apoykʷa
122 (to) eat (a meal) *impa
123 (to) come *ominti
124 pawpaw *onkʷiCo
125 breast *ipinsiki
126 (to) hide *xolamxi
127 buy *lonxʷa
128 (to) weave *taCθa
129 (to) get warm from a heat source *iCθi
130 (to) shoot at *xonC¢a
131 war *hoCli
132 (to) die *iCli
133 pepper *xoCma
134 (to) want, need *kʷaCna
135 road *xinaCi
136 dark *tampki
137 stout *lampko
138 snake *¢inCtiCo
139 hard, rigid *wantxa Proto-Eastern Muskogean
140 shoot at *xonC¢a
141 (to) cloak oneself *anCči
142 whippoorwill *xačokkʷilankkʷila
143 Canada goose *axankxaCa
144 grasshopper *xatankxʷaCo
145 grass *panxsi
146 true *anxli
147 hand, lower arm *ilmkʷi
148 (to) rain *oynkʷa
149 whoop like an Indian *paynxa
150 (to) flow *xoxʷayxna
151 heavy *waylki
152 buy *čowmpa
153 (to) suck *sočonka
154 frost *xitontiki
155 (to) play a game *xompani Proto-Eastern Muskogean
156 winter *oθanxʷaCi
157 (to) pierce *lompotVli

Notes

  1. ^ Hardy 2005, pg. 69
  2. ^ (Hardy 2005:70; see also Mithun 2005:462, Crawford).
  3. ^ Broadwell 1992, p. 1
  4. ^ Hardy 2005, pg. 70
  5. ^ Martin & Munro 2005, pg. 299
  6. ^ Broadwell 1992, pp. 3; 41-2, footnote 2
  7. ^ a b Hardy 2005, pp. 70-71
  8. ^ Mithun 2005, pg. 461
  9. ^ Campbell 1997, pg. 147
  10. ^ a b c Campbell 1997, pg. 148
  11. ^ Mithun 1999, pg. 462
  12. ^ Broadwell 1992
  13. ^ a b Campbell 1997, pg. 149
  14. ^ Broadwell 1992, pp. 41–42, fn. 2
  15. ^ Sturtevant 1994, referenced in Campbell 1997, pg. 149
  16. ^ Dr. Chester B. DePratter, "The Foundation, Occupation, and Abandonment of Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715", National Register Multiple Property Submission
  17. ^ Oatis, Steven J. (2004). A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680–1730. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3575-5.
  18. ^ Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee. University Press of Florida. pp. 11, 20–21, 24, 43. ISBN 9-780-8130-2982-5.
  19. ^ Milanich:95, 96
  20. ^ Coker:6
  21. ^ Swanton:136
  22. ^ Hudson, Charles The Juan Pardo Expeditions Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990, pp. 68-73, 75
  23. ^ Campbell 1997, pp. 305-9
  24. ^ Campbell 1997, pg. 305
  25. ^ Broadwell, George Aaron. (1992). Reconstructing Proto-Muskogean Language and Prehistory: Preliminary Results. Paper presented at the Southern Anthropological Society, St. Augustine, FL.
  26. ^ Booker 2005
  27. ^ Booker 2005, pg. 254
  28. ^ Booker 2005, pp. 248, 252, 254
  29. ^ Martin & Munro 2005, pg. 318, fn. 2
  30. ^ Booker 2005, pg. 286, footnote 7
  31. ^ Booker 2005, pp. 251-2
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Muskogean reconstructions

Bibliography

  • Booker, Karen. (2005). "Muskogean Historical Phonology." In Hardy, Heather Kay and Scancarelli, Janine (eds.), Native languages of the Southeastern United States, 246–298. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Broadwell, George Aaron. (1992). Reconstructing Proto-Muskogean Language and Prehistory: Preliminary Results Archived 2006-01-07 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Paper presented at the Southern Anthropological Society, St. Augustine, FL. Retrieved on 2009-05-03.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Coker, William S. (1999) "Pensacola, 1686-1821." in Judith Anne Bense. (1999) Editor. Archaeology of colonial Pensacola. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1661-4 Found at Google Books
  • Crawford, James M. (Ed.). (1975a). Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
  • Crawford, James M. (1975b). "Southeastern Indian Languages". In Crawford (ed.) 1975, pp. 1–120.
  • Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
  • Haas, Mary (1951). "The Proto-Gulf word for water (with notes on Siouan–Yuchi)". International Journal of American Linguistics 17: 71–79.
  • Haas, Mary. (1952). "The Proto-Gulf word for 'land' (with notes on Proto-Siouan)". International Journal of American Linguistics 18:238–240.
  • Haas, Mary. (1973). "The Southeast". In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 2, pp. 1210–1249). The Hague: Mouton.
  • Hardy, Heather. (2005). "Introduction". In Hardy & Scancarelli 2005, pp. 69–74.
  • Hardy, Heather & Janine Scancarelli. (2005). Native Languages of the Southeastern United States. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Hopkins, Nicholas A. The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States (PDF). Report for the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Retrieved on 2009-05-03.
  • Martin, Jack B. & Pamela Munro. (2005). "Proto-Muskogean Morphology". in Hardy & Scancarelli eds., pp. 299–320
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7
  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
  • Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
  • Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
  • Sturtevant, William C. (1994). "The Misconnection of Guale and Yamasee with Muskogean". International Journal of American Linguistics 60:139–148.
  • Swanton, John Reed. (1952) The Indian Tribes of North America. Found at Google Books

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Events at the2009 World ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemenwomen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomenRoad eventsMarathonmenwomen20 km walkmenwomen50 km walkmenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenComb...

 

Citharizum

Town and fortress Roman-Persian Frontier in Late Antiquity. The Roman fortress is designated as Citharizum. Citharizum (Greek: Κιθαρίζων) was a town and fortress on the south arm of the Euphrates[1] in the Roman province of Armenia III. It was a place of great strength which was built by the emperor Justinian and was the residence of one of the five prefects whom that emperor placed over Roman Armenia with the title of “Dux.”[2] According to Procopius of Caesarea,...

Bordano

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité italienne et le Frioul-Vénétie Julienne. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Bordano Nom frioulan Bordan Administration Pays Italie Région Frioul-Vénétie Julienne  Province Udine  Code postal 33010 Code ISTAT 030012 Code cadastral A983 Préfixe tel. 0432 Démographie Gentilé bordanesi Population 810 hab. (31-12-2010[1]) Densit...

 

Gerry Cheevers

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Gerry Cheevers – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ice hockey player Gerry Ch...

 

Anwar Sutan Saidi

Anwar Sutan SaidiBerkas:Anwar Sutan Saidi.jpgLahir(1910-04-19)19 April 1910 Sungai Puar, Agam, Hindia BelandaMeninggal1 Juni 1976(1976-06-01) (umur 66)Kebangsaan IndonesiaPekerjaanPengusahaDikenal atas- Pendiri Bank Nasional- Aktivis pergerakan kemerdekaan IndonesiaAnakRoestam Anwar Anwar Sutan Saidi (19 April 1910 – 1 Juni 1976) adalah pengusaha dan aktivis pergerakan kemerdekaan asal Indonesia. Dia merupakan salah satu dari sedikit konglomerat Indonesia sebelum masa ke...

FC Argeș Pitești

Association football club in Pitești This article is about the original club. For the fan-owned phoenix team founded in 2013 and dissolved in 2016, see FC Argeș 1953 Pitești. Football clubFC Argeș PiteștiFull nameAsociația Clubul Sportiv Campionii Fotbal Club ArgeșNickname(s)Vulturii violeți (The Violet Eagles)Alb-violeții (The White-Violets)Trupa din Trivale (The Trivale Squad)Urmașii lui Dobrin (Dobrin's Heirs)Short nameFC ArgeșFounded6 August 1953; 70 years ago ...

 

Danon Smash

Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse Danon SmashDanon Smash in 2018SireLord KanaloaGrandsireKing KamehamehaDamSpinning WildcatDamsireHard SpunSexStallionFoaled6 March 2015[1]CountryJapanColourBayBreederK I FarmOwnerDanox Co LtdTrainerTakayuki YasudaRecord23: 11-4-1Earnings¥584,353,000 + HK$12,540,000 (ca. $7 million)Major winsKeihan Hai (2018)Silk Road Stakes (2019)Keeneland Cup (2019)Ocean Stakes (2020)Keio Hai Spring Cup (2020)Centaur Stakes (2020)Hong Kong Sprint (2020)Takamatsunomiya ...

 

Daishi Harunaga

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2017. Daishi HarunagaInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Daishi HarunagaTanggal lahir 30 April 1982 (umur 42)Tempat lahir Prefektur Hiroshima, JepangPosisi bermain GelandangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2001-2003 Vissel Kobe * Penampilan dan gol di klub s...

History of the Royal Air Force

The history of the Royal Air Force, the air force of the United Kingdom, spans a century of British military aviation. The RAF was founded on 1 April 1918, towards the end of the First World War by merging the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service. After the war, the RAF was greatly reduced in size and during the inter-war years was used for policing operations in the British Empire. The RAF underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War. During the war it wa...

 

Chat de Schrödinger

Un chat est enfermé dans une boîte avec un flacon de gaz mortel et une source radioactive. Si un compteur Geiger détecte un certain seuil de radiations, le flacon est brisé et le chat meurt. Selon l'interprétation de Copenhague, le chat est à la fois vivant et mort. Pourtant, si nous ouvrons la boîte, nous pourrons observer que le chat est soit mort, soit vivant. Le chat de Schrödinger est une expérience de pensée imaginée en 1935 par le physicien Erwin Schrödinger afin de mettre ...

 

Juan Fernández Islands

This article is about the Chilean archipelago. For other uses, see Juan Fernández. Special Territory and Commune in Valparaíso, ChileJuan Fernández Islands Archipiélago Juan FernándezSpecial Territory and CommuneThe town of San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island Flag Coat of arms Juan Fernández IslandsCoordinates: 33°38′29″S 78°50′28″W / 33.64139°S 78.84111°W / -33.64139; -78.84111Country ChileRegion ValparaísoProvinceValparaísoDiscover...

Burr conspiracy

Alleged conspiracy to create an independent country in North America led by Aaron Burr (1805-1807) Portrait of Aaron Burr by John Vanderlyn, 1802 The Burr conspiracy was a plot alleged to have been planned by Aaron Burr in the years during and after his term as Vice President of the United States under US President Thomas Jefferson. According to the accusations against Burr, he attempted to use his international connections and support from a cabal of US planters, politicians, and army office...

 

Brook, Isle of Wight

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Brook, Isle of Wight – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Human settlement in EnglandBrookBrookLocation within the Isle of WightOS grid referenceSZ388837Civil parishBrighstoneUnitary&#...

 

كاليكومو

كاليكومو تقسيم إداري البلد اليونان  [1] خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 37°35′00″N 21°35′00″E / 37.58333333°N 21.58333333°E / 37.58333333; 21.58333333   الارتفاع 66 متر  السكان التعداد السكاني 838 (resident population of Greece) (2021)1199 (resident population of Greece) (2001)996 (resident population of Greece) (1991)1008 (resident population of Greece) (2011)&#...

Paul Klee

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Klee. Paul KleePaul Klee en 1911.BiographieNaissance 18 décembre 1879Münchenbuchsee (Suisse)Décès 29 juin 1940 (à 60 ans)Locarno (Suisse)Sépulture Cimetière de la SchosshaldeNationalité AllemandFormation École supérieure de musique de StuttgartAcadémie des beaux-arts de MunichActivité Artiste peintrePériode d'activité 1899-1940Conjoint Lily Klee (en)Autres informationsA travaillé pour Académie des beaux-arts de DüsseldorfMembre de Die B...

 

Accident Compensation Corporation

Accident Compensation CorporationTe Kaporeihana Āwhina Hunga WharaAgency overviewJurisdictionNew Zealand GovernmentHeadquartersWellington41°16′30″S 174°46′40″E / 41.274876°S 174.777701°E / -41.274876; 174.777701Minister responsibleMatt Doocey, Minister for ACCAgency executiveMegan Main, Chief ExecutiveWebsitewww.acc.co.nz The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) (Māori: Te Kaporeihana Āwhina Hunga Whara) is the New Zealand Crown entity responsible fo...