Solano language

Solano
Olelato
Native toNortheast Mexico
Regionnear Mission San Francisco Solano
EthnicitySolano people
Extinct18th century
Language codes
ISO 639-3xso
xso
Glottologsanf1266
Pre-contact distribution of Solano language

Solano is an unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast Mexico and perhaps also in the neighboring U.S. state of Texas. It is a possible language isolate.[citation needed]

Background

Solano is known only from a 21-word vocabulary list that appears at the end of a 1703–1708 baptism book from the San Francisco Solano Mission,[1] which hosted at least four different peoples, including the Xarame, Payuguan, Papanac, and Siaguan.[2] Supposedly the language is of the Indians of this mission – perhaps the Terocodame band cluster. The Solano peoples are associated with the 18th-century missions near Eagle Pass, Texas.

Word list

The 21 known Solano words, as reproduced in Swanton (1940), are:[3]

Solano English
aapag yes
apam water
genin, genint three
hikomeya, hycomeya is she your sister?
hipayō, hypayô to wish; Spanish: quiere (?)
kainika, cainica tortilla
krisen, crisen; krigen, crigen bad
nabaog I am hungry
naha mother
namō eat it
nikaog, nicaog meat
no fur
paam there is none
papam father
saath four
sieh give me
sihik, sihic tobacco
sopaam sister
soyā brother
tciene, chiene salt
taapam there are

Lexical comparison

Below is a comparison of selected words from Zamponi (2024). There are no obvious cognates with other neighboring languages.[2]

language father four meat mother three water
Solano papam saath nikaog naha genin apam
Lipan Apache[4] -ʔaaší dínínɁí -cinin -Ɂ-nándí káíɁí kó
Coahuilteco[5] -xana·y puwa·nc̉an aha·wh -ta·y axtikpil wan
Comecrudo[6] mawiʹs nawuiʹ eweʹ, kai maʹt, te ̉yiʹy aʹx̣
Tonkawa[7] ʔewas, ta·taʔ sikit ʔawas xʔay, ʔesaʔ metis ʔa·x
Proto-Uto-Aztecan[8] *na, *ta(ta), *ʔok *mako’ *tuhku, *waʔi *ye, *nan *pahi *pa

See also

Bibliography

  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
  • Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).

References

  1. ^ Association, Texas State Historical (2019-02-12). "San Francisco Solano Mission". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  2. ^ a b Zamponi, Raoul (2024). "Unclassified languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. doi:10.1515/9783110712742-061. ISBN 978-3-11-071274-2.
  3. ^ Swanton, John R. 1940. "Words from a dialect spoken near the mission of San Francisco Solano, below Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande". Linguistic material from the tribes of Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 127). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 54-55.
  4. ^ Hoijer, Harry. 1956. "The chronology of the Athapaskan languages". International Journal of American Linguistics 22. 219–232.
  5. ^ Troike, Rudolph C. 1996. "Sketch of Coahuilteco, a language isolate of Texas". In Ives Goddard (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 17: Languages, 644–665. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
  6. ^ Swanton, John R. 1940. Linguistic material from the tribes of Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 127). Washington: Government Printing Office.
  7. ^ Hoijer, Harry; Thomas R. Wier (editor). 2018. Tonkawa texts: a new linguistic edition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  8. ^ Miller, Wick R. 1967. Uto-Aztecan cognate sets. (University of California Publications in Linguistics 48). Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California.