Arutani–Sape languages

Arutane–Sape
Kalianan
(defunct?)
Geographic
distribution		Brazil–Venezuela border
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
Language codes
GlottologNone
Documented location of Arutani–Sapé languages, the two most southern spots are Arutani villages, the northern one is Sapé location.

Arutani–Sape, also known as Awake–Kaliana or Kalianan, is a proposed language family[1] that includes two of the most poorly documented languages in South America, both of which are now extinct. They are at best only distantly related. Kaufman (1990) found a connection convincing, but Migliazza & Campbell (1988) maintained that there is no evidence for linking them.[2] The two languages are,

  • Arutani[3] (also known as Aoaqui, Auake, Auaque, Awake, Oewaku, Orotani, Uruak, Urutani)
  • Sape[4] (also known as Caliana, Chirichano, Kaliana, Kariana)

Kaufman (1990) states that a further connection with Máku (Maku of Roraima/Auari) is "promising". (See Macro-Puinavean languages.)

Vocabulary

Migliazza (1978)

Migliazza (1978) gives the following Swadesh list table for Uruak, Sape, and Máku ("Maku"):[5]

no. gloss Uruak Sape Máku
1 I maykate/ma-/tsa- mɨ teːne
2 thou kaykate/ka- kapɨ eːne
3 we materya mɨyono teːkene
4 this kiʔa tɨsa ki
5 that ayta tɨsami kwa
6 who maʔayokə pante toči
7 what maya pemente čini
8 not ãʔãy atsam/ɨka laʔa
9 all kitate kawen peʔtaka
10 many kaʔtyaw kawen eːsuʔu
11 one kyoana/kyano koka nokuðamu
12 two komana kɨrya baʔta
13 big kwaya konən bote
14 long šawi karya kaxi
15 small sikipi to kudi
16 woman kari kapay neːlabə
17 man maʔkya kwa laːsəba
18 person kina kamon dzoʔkude
19 fish kotom pə meʔkəsa
20 bird yopsa čam iːduba
21 dog toari to dzoʔwi
22 louse koʔka čo iːne
23 tree šapi tapa oːba
24 seed kuka ku küːte
25 leaf aña muyra deːmu
26 root aša tu leːmekeči
27 bark kõhã kui/kuy čiːmu
28 skin kõhã kuy čːmu
29 flesh mitsa mɨan muči
30 blood kaña tsom leːme
31 bone mo wina aːmu
32 grease wiñaya kun eːkünü
33 egg kokama kupi küʔte
34 horn širipya wina eːkatso
35 tail mašya upi neːto
36 feather oša ičam upa kuːte
37 hair oša pa kuːte
38 head kwate moynaku keːte
39 ear watika awi čikaʔte
40 eye kohap amku sukute
41 nose wa/kwa ayku pi
42 mouth maʔa itu wɨːči
43 tooth ka pɨka wuːmu
44 tongue takõhã matu duːte
45 claw šopti ičam aypa sukuči
46 foot šate ikora basuku
47 knee korokopsa mɨney basəkate
48 hand maša/mama piča apa suku
49 belly tsya tukuy sɨkɨči
50 neck šoropaña pokoy lipite
51 breasts kotsa wi čüčü
52 heart kirakote pokowi səbuku
53 liver ika mapi iːsa
54 drink oyta/ayta pe mi
55 eat pa/kapa ko/ku ki
56 bite psa/pasa pu bü
57 see kina mow ku
58 hear ko man ne
59 know kina mow nimi
60 sleep anə paku/ku we
61 die atay siya kinə
62 kill rio (beat) kaya šipinu
63 swim ša pə lawa
64 fly šan karu nü
65 walk ma paru te
66 come mana ma na
67 lie down kio/taa pɨre ða
68 sit naka maye sɨkɨ
69 stand kara pa kəy
70 give matso emeyma se
71 say mataka/tsama mo šini/šibu
72 sun uši ñam keʔle
73 moon aʔtap tapo ya
74 star okihat ñayino ðaoku
75 water akohã nam naʔme
76 rain akohã nam posoe naʔme
77 stone muka takuypa liːne
78 sand iñãkosa inoku lunükü
79 earth iñã inokučin boʔte
80 cloud karapaso usəyna sapənawi
81 smoke šana yui čipe
82 fire ani šoko nühẽ
83 ash šoni tukutu meːte
84 burn asipa šoko we/niʔ
85 path aʔma mu iːkilu
86 mountain piʔa takwa wiːke
87 red araʔwi ayña leme
88 green atehe šanurua nüčü
89 yellow pišio pusia kaləmadə
90 white araway sae kaləmate
91 black sipan/soson tsaiña kabi/weʔči
92 night tose useyna iːkisu
93 hot kuri ɨrɨa we
94 cold roma/kima unkoya antsu/mihu
95 full topi ukwa suku
96 new koma yenkoña asi
97 good taseri amayñakoa kuduma/eːdi
98 round siari način kuməsa
99 dry šona patokwa kaːte
100 name rawi marua entse

See also

Wiktionary has Swadesh lists at Appendix:Arutani–Sape Swadesh lists

Notes

  1. ^ Weinstein, Jay A. (2005-02-28). Social and Cultural Change: Social Science for a Dynamic World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 94. ISBN 0-7425-2573-2.
  2. ^ Ernest Migliazza & Lyle Campbell, 1988. Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América
  3. ^ Moseley, Christopher (2007-04-23). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.
  4. ^ Moseley, Christopher (2007-04-23). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.
  5. ^ Migliazza, Ernesto C. 1978. Maku, Sape and Uruak Languages: Current Status and Basic Lexicon. Anthropological Linguistics 20: 133-140.

References

  • Hammarström, Harald. 2010. 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In Language Documentation & Conservation, v 4, p 183 [1]

Further reading

  • Armellada, Cesareo de & Baltasar de Matallana. 1942. Exploración del Paragua. Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales 8, 61-110.
  • Coppens, Walter. 2008 [1983]. Los Uruak (Arutani). In Miguel Ángel Perera (ed.) Los aborígenes de Venezuela, 2nd edition, Volume 2, 705-737. Caracas: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales/Instituto Caribe de Antropología y Sociología.
  • Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio, Thiago Chacon & Francia Medina. 2020. Arutani (Venezuela and Brazil) – Language Snapshot. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description 17, 170-177. London: EL Publishing.
  • Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada & Francia Medina (2019). Sapé (Venezuela) — Language Snapshot. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description, vol 16. London: EL Publishing. pp. 169-175.