酸乳

此條目介紹的是英文名为“soured milk”的液状带酸味乳制品饮料。关于英文名为“yogurt”的白色半固状、液状带酸味乳制品，请见「酸奶」。关于英文名为“buttermilk”的牛奶制成牛油之后剩余的酸味液体，请见「酪浆」。
酸乳

酸乳（英語：soured milk）是指牛奶通过酸化而生产出来的一系列饮料。酸化是通过乳酸菌发酵或添加酸味来实现的，比如柠檬汁或醋。发酵产生的酸乳的味道与酸化产生的味道不同，这是因为通常在商业生产中添加的酸具有不同于乳酸的味道，并且还因为发酵可以引入新的味道。

发酵乳

西方常见的乳制品及生产流程。

由乳酸菌发酵而成的酸味牛奶更具体地称为“发酵牛奶”或“发酵乳品”[1]。传统上，酸乳就是新鲜的牛奶，把它放在温暖的地方（比如靠近火炉）发酵一天。在欧洲大部分地区，酸乳通常是自己在家制作或商店购买，它也是南部非洲班图人的传统食物。

现代的商业酸乳可能不同于自然发酵变酸的牛奶，可以通过添加凝乳酶来加速这一过程。国家标准GB19302-2010《食品安全国家标准发酵乳》中的“酸乳”定义是，以生牛（羊）乳或乳粉为原料，经杀菌、接种嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌（德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种）发酵制成的产品[2]。用酸乳可以制作奶渣或酸乳奶酪（英语：Sour milk cheese）。[3]

酸乳 酸奶
英语名 Soured milk Yogurt
发酵温度 22–28 °C 42–45 ℃
益生菌 乳酸乳球菌 嗜热链球菌

酸化乳

自20世纪70年代以来，一些生产商已经用化学酸化代替自然发酵[4][5][6][7]。添加酸味而产生的酸乳，无论是否添加乳酸菌，确切点应该称之为“酸牛奶”[1]。在美国，用于生产酸化牛奶的酸包括乙酸（常见于醋中）、己二酸、柠檬酸（常见于柠檬汁中）、延胡索酸、葡萄糖酸内酯、盐酸、乳酸、苹果酸、磷酸、琥珀酸和酒石酸。酸化后的牛奶可以抑制有害细菌的生长，提高产品的保质期。中国大陆比较知名的品牌有蒙牛酸酸乳、伊利优酸乳。

参见

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 TITLE 21--FOOD AND DRUGS: CHAPTER I, PART 131 MILK AND CREAM. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). 2007-04-01 [2007-11-18]. [永久失效連結]
  2. ^ 酸奶这种有益健康的食品,怎么就成了骗局？. 新华网. 北京青年报. 2019-07-24 [2020-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-02）. 
  3. ^ Dairy-Milk. [2014-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-18）. 
  4. ^ Nakamura, Yasunori; Naoyuki Yamamoto; Kumi Sakai; Toshiaki Takano. Antihypertensive Effect of Sour Milk and Peptides Isolated from It That are Inhibitors to Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme. Journal of Dairy Science. June 1, 1995, 78 (6): 1253–7 [2007-06-30]. PMID 7673515. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76745-5. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-04-01）. 
  5. ^ Sukhov, SV; Kalamkarova LI; Il'chenko LA; Zhangabylov AK. Microfloral changes in the small and large intestines of chronic enteritis patients on diet therapy including sour milk products. Voprosy pitaniia. 1986,. Jul-Aug (4): 14–7. PMID 3765530 （俄语）. 
  6. ^ US patent 3625702,Exler, Heinrich,「PREPARATION OF SOUR MILK DRINKS」,发表于1971-12-07,发行于1971-12-07,指定于Heinrich Exler 
  7. ^ US patent 3978243,Pedersen, Jens Kristian,「Process for preparing gelled sour milk」,发表于1976-08-31,发行于1976-08-31,指定于Kobenhavns Pektinfabrik 

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