牛乳

一杯牛乳
早期的驯化:正在挤牛奶的古埃及人。

牛乳,俗稱牛奶,是最古老的天然飲品之一。顧名思義,牛乳是乳汁。在不同國家,牛乳也分有不同的等級,目前最普遍的是全脂、高鈣低脂及脫脂牛乳。美國将牛乳按照脂肪含量分為五類,分別是接近無脂(skim)、半低脂(1/2 percent low fat)、低脂(1 percent low fat)、減脂(2 percent reduced fat)與全脂(whole)。

用途

除飲用外,牛奶經快速攪拌後流出的黃色液體可制造黄油。牛奶经过加工后也能制作出起司

热量

一杯500毫升的纯牛乳,热量在300大卡左右。

低脂牛奶的脂肪约是新鲜普通牛奶的50%左右,热量减少。适合需控制饮食的糖尿病患者、心血管疾病患者、肥胖人士及消化能力较弱或腹泻的婴儿饮用。

脱脂牛乳脂肪量少於百分之一以下。

成份

在牛乳中主要包括乳清蛋白与酪蛋白。

  • 乳清蛋白(whey protein)
  • 酪蛋白(casein):主要蛋白質,佔了牛奶蛋白80%,導致一些人腸胃過敏。而β-乳球蛋白与γ-乳白蛋白则只是乳清蛋白的一部分成份。
  • β-乳球蛋白(beta-lactoglobulin):可能會導致一些人腸胃過敏,但最具有抗原能力。
  • γ-乳白蛋白(gamma-lactalbumin)

不耐症

由于牛乳中富含乳糖,乳糖是一种雙醣,需要生物体中分泌的乳糖来分解。大部分成年人长大以后可能失去分解乳糖的人体功能。[2][3]哺乳动物幼体都会自然产生乳糖酶,但三歲以后乳糖酶的分泌就会逐漸减少或停止。对人来说,不同民族情况不同。一般游牧民族由于经常以乳制品为生,经过自然选择,终生会分泌乳糖酶。半乳糖可导致人们在老年时患上白内障。

但亦有民族哺乳期过后不再接触奶制品,因此停止分泌乳糖酶,对他们来说,牛奶不能消化,会引起腹泻,甚至导致疾病,如非洲有些民族。華人社区甚至整个东亚地区乳糖吸收不良比例很高,但每个个体对牛奶反应不同,有人喜喝成癮,有人不能消化,也有人飲用後容易嘔吐或不適,一般儿童和年轻人容易吸收牛乳,老年人不易消化。但是这并不代表要停止喝牛奶。近年來市面上出現了專門針對乳糖不耐人群的無乳糖乳製品(Lactose-Free),以解決此類人群難以代謝乳製品的問題。

各地標準

中華民國

  • CNS 3055 - 生乳 (Raw milk)
  • CNS 3056 - 鮮乳(Fresh milk)
  • CNS 3057 - 調味乳(Flavored composite and recombined milk)
  • CNS 3058 - 發酵乳(Fermented milk)
  • CNS 13292 - 保久乳(Sterilized milk)

中华人民共和国

  • GB 13102-2010 - 炼乳
  • GB 19301-2010 - 生乳
  • GB 19302-2010 - 发酵乳
  • GB 19645-2010 - 巴氏杀菌乳
  • GB 25190-2010 - 灭菌乳
  • GB 25191-2010 - 调制乳
  • GB 25595-2010 - 乳糖

相關

牛奶消毒殺菌[4][5][6]:主要用巴斯德消毒法
牛奶制品
節日
其它

參考文獻

  1. ^ Jones, Alicia Noelle. Density of Milk. The Physics Factbook. 2002 [2016-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-05). 
  2. ^ 牛奶营养价值及功效,牛奶的主要营养成分,乳制品健康吗(一). WebMD. [2018-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-17) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  3. ^ 牛奶营养价值及功效,牛奶的主要营养成分,乳制品健康吗(二). WebMD. [2018-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-17) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  4. ^ 市售鮮乳的殺菌方法有哪幾種?其殺菌條件及差異性為何?- 台農鮮乳廠. [2016-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-17). 
  5. ^ 話說牛乳(六) 台灣畜產種原知識庫 - 內容管理. [2016-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-08). 
  6. ^ 【喝鮮乳的煩惱】為什麼牛乳專家不喝鮮奶 | 台灣環境資訊協會-環境資訊中心. [2016-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-08). 

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