軟雪糕

一份軟雪糕

軟雪糕(英語:Soft serve),又稱軟冰淇淋,是一種冷凍甜品,被認為是雪糕的一種,不過做法不同,軟雪糕在製作過程中加入空氣,由於密度較低,所以質地較柔軟。軟雪糕由雪糕漿冷凍而成,需要快速冷凍成半凝固狀態,但需要避免雪糕漿的水份在冷凍過程中變成冰粒,不能把雪糕漿凍結,因此軟雪糕通常使用軟雪糕機在銷售點即時製作[1]。軟雪糕於1930年代在美國開始販賣[2]

製作

操作軟雪糕機把軟雪糕添加到雪糕筒的情形
市面售賣的軟雪糕通常是由軟雪糕機擠壓出來,在機器出料口的軟雪糕是條狀的,機器操作者從機器擠出軟雪糕時會把容器繞圈直至裝滿,所以軟雪糕的成品通常是螺旋狀,另有機器可同時擠壓出兩種口味的軟雪糕,並產生兩種顏色交纏的外觀

軟雪糕由雪糕漿注入空氣並降溫而成,雪糕漿由乳製品、調味劑、香精及穩定劑等組成,由於乳製品中的乳脂屬於油脂,不能與水分融合,所以需要加入穩定劑使乳脂和水達到水乳交融的效果[3],如果缺乏穩定劑,冷凍時雪糕漿的水分會形成結晶及產生冰粒。軟雪糕的空氣含量達到20至50%,吃起來便有輕盈的口感。在軟雪糕機中的雪糕漿經攪拌及預冷後,便會在膨化管中與空氣結合,然後在注入冷凍槽內冷凍,由於油脂成分的冷凝點比水高,所以雪糕漿的水分結冰前,當中的油脂成分會先凝固,而冷凍槽的溫度會控制在兩者的冷凝點之間,避免雪糕漿中的水分被凍結,同時冷凍槽內有攪拌刮刀旋轉,使冷卻溫度更均勻,並保持雪糕漿處於半凝固狀態。當需要取用時,可從機器的出料口擠出冷凍至半凝固的雪糕漿[1]

歷史

杯裝的雲呢嗱與朱古力味扭紋軟雪糕

美國紐約州法羅市的查爾斯·泰勒(英語:Charles Taylor)於1926年取得自動軟雪糕機的專利,之後有不同人聲稱自己最早售賣軟雪糕。1934年陣亡將士紀念日的週末,雪糕品牌Carvel和特許經營權的創始人卡維爾(Tom Carvel)駕駛著一輛載有雪糕的汽車前往渡假區賣雪糕,但他的汽車於途中在紐約哈茨代爾發生爆胎,為了不浪費車上的雪糕,於是將汽車停泊在附近的停車場並向路過的人出售半融化的雪糕,兩天內便賣掉所有雪糕,他發現不論雪糕是雪硬的,還是柔軟的,都一樣有市場[4]。1936年,卡維爾在一個廢棄卡車場開設工場,開發了軟雪糕配方及取得超低溫雪糕機的專利[5]

冰雪皇后的創辦人John Fremont McCullough和他的兒子Alex McCullough也聲稱自己開發了軟雪糕的配方[6],他們在1938年8月4日於伊利諾伊州坎卡基的朋友Sherb Noble的商店首次試賣軟雪糕,採用吃到飽的模式在兩小時內賣出1,600份軟雪糕[7]。亦有人認為化學家J. Lyons and Co.和富豪雪糕合作,首次開發出可在軟雪糕機使用的雪糕漿配方[8]。1960年代,軟雪糕機製造商將氣泵和軟雪糕機結合,可做出更輕盈柔滑的軟雪糕[8]

香港於1957年從日本引進自動軟雪糕機[9][10],並開始出現大量賣軟雪糕的無牌攤檔,由於無牌賣軟雪糕容易產生衛生問題,當年9月港英政府宣布將會取締無牌售賣軟雪糕的攤檔[11],軟雪糕在1960年代已是市政事務署檢驗食品衛生的項目[12]

衛生風險

由於軟雪糕不是完全凍結,冷凍溫度一般維持在攝氏零下5度,不會如一般雪糕通常被冷藏到攝氏零下10度以下,因此軟雪糕的製作過程如發生污染或溫度控制不正確,細菌比一般雪糕更易大量繁殖,所以軟雪糕機的清潔和操作必須嚴格遵從衛生程序[13]。由於軟雪糕受到李斯特菌污染的機會較高,而李斯特菌可以通過胎盤傳給胎兒,孕婦一旦受到受到感染可引致胎兒早產甚至死亡,所以婦產科專科醫生建議孕婦應避免吃軟雪糕[14]

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 軟雪糕有一半係空氣?順滑綿密軟雪糕到底點整?. 香港01. 2018-06-12 [2023-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-21). 
  2. ^ The term soft serve dates from before 1959 (New York Times, June 22, 1958, page F11)
  3. ^ 有請專家:重新認識雪糕. 米芝蓮指南. 2018-08-22 [2023-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-07). 
  4. ^ Carvel History. (原始内容存档于2011-12-30). 
  5. ^ About Tom Carvel. (原始内容存档于2013-05-07). 
  6. ^ The DQ Team. [2011-10-29]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-13). 
  7. ^ Dairy Queen History. [2013-01-18]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-11). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Phipps, Claire. Was Margaret Thatcher part of a team that invented Mr. Whippy?. The Guardian. [2020-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-06). 
  9. ^ 軟雪糕機快將上市. 華僑日報 (p.10). 1957-06-09 [2023-09-29]. 
  10. ^ 軟雪糕製機在本港上市. 華僑日報 (p.10). 1957-07-04 [2023-09-29]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-29). 
  11. ^ 無牌賣軟雪糕政府將予取締. 工商日報 (p.4). 1957-09-17 [2023-09-29]. 
  12. ^ 市政當局繼續檢驗食品 不良牛奶樣本銳減 軟雪糕脂肪量不定 滋生蚊蚋地點七百餘處經處理. 華僑日報 (p.10). 1965-07-06. 
  13. ^ 軟雪糕與食物安全. 食物安全中心 (2016年12月). [2023-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-07). 
  14. ^ 【雪糕 知多啲】軟雪糕、魚生吃不得. 明報. 2017-10-02 [2023-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-25). 

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