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Madang
Madang
Madang–Adelbert Range
Geographic; distribution	Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Northeast New Guinea and/or Trans–New Guinea Madang – Upper Yuat Madang; ;
Subdivisions	Southern Adelbert Range; Rai Coast; Croisilles; Kalam; Mabuso; etc.;
Language codes
Glottolog	mada1298
	Map: The Madang languages of New Guinea The Madang languages Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited

The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.^[1]

The family is named after Madang Province and the Adelbert Range.

History

Sidney Herbert Ray identified the Rai Coast family in 1919. In 1951 these were linked with the Mabuso languages by Arthur Capell to create his Madang family. John Z'graggen (1971, 1975) expanded Madang to languages of the Adelbert Range and renamed the family Madang–Adelbert Range, and Stephen Wurm (1975)^[2] adopted this as a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. For the most part, Malcolm Ross's (2005) Madang family includes the same languages as Z'graggen Madang–Adelbert Range, but the internal classification is different in several respects, such as the dissolution of the Brahman branch.

Internal classification

The languages are as follows:^[1]^[3]

Madang
- Bargam (Mugil)
- Central Madang
  - Croisilles (reduced, = Northern Adelbert Range)
  - Mabuso
  - Mindjim
  - Rai Coast (reduced; > South Madang)
  - Yamben
- West Madang
  - Southern Adelbert Range (Sogeram and Tomul Rivers)
  - Kalam (Kaironk River)
- East Madang
  - Wasembo
  - Yaganon

The time depth of Madang is comparable to that of Austronesian or Indo-European.

Pronouns

Ross (2000) reconstructed the pronouns as follows:

	sg	pl
1	*ya	*i^[4]
2	*na	ni, ta
3	*nu

These are not the common TNG pronouns. However, Ross postulates that the TNG dual suffixes *-le and *-t remain, and suggests that the TNG pronouns live on as Kalam verbal suffixes.

Evolution

Madang family reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:^[5]

Family-wide innovations

pTNG *mbena ‘arm’ > proto-Madang *kambena (accretion of *ka-)
pTNG *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ > proto-Madang *timbi(n,t) (metathesis)
pTNG *(n)ok ‘water’ replaced by proto-Madang *yaŋgu

Croisilles

Garuh language:

muki ‘brain’ < *muku
bi ‘guts’ < *simbi
hap ‘cloud’ < *samb(V)
balamu ‘firelight’ < *mbalaŋ
wani ‘name’ < *[w]ani ‘who?’
wus ‘wind, breeze’ < *kumbutu
kalam ‘moon’ < *kala(a,i)m
neg- ‘to watch’ < *nVŋg- ‘see, know’
ma ‘taro’ < *mV
ahi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ

Pay language:

in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
kawus ‘smoke’ < *kambu
tawu-na ‘ashes’ < *sambu
imun ‘hair’ < *sumu(n,t)
ano ‘who’ < *[w]ani

Proto-Northern Adelbert:^[6]

*waben ‘arm, hand’ < *mbena
*bab ‘older brother’ < *[mb]amba
*ked ‘blood’ < *ke(nj,s)a
*gemaŋ ‘heart’ < *kamu
*kumaŋ ‘neck, nape’ < *kuma(n, ŋ)
*kasin ‘mosquito’ < *kasin
*um- ‘die’ < *kumV-
*in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]-
*ag- 'see' ‘know, hear, see’ < *nVŋg-
*me (+verb) ‘NEG’ < *ma- (+verb)
*yag ‘water’ < *ok[V]
*tak ‘leaf’ < *sasak

Kalam

Kalam language (most closely related to the Rai Coast languages):

meg ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a]
md-magi ‘heart’ < *mundu-maŋgV
mkem ‘cheek’ < *mVkVm ‘cheek, chin’
sb ‘excrement, guts’ < *simbi
muk ‘milk, sap, brain’ < *muku
yman ‘louse’ < *iman
yb ‘name’ < *imbi
kdl ‘root’ < *kindil
malaŋ ‘flame’ < *mbalaŋ
melk ‘(fire or day)light’ < *(m,mb)elak
kn- ‘to sleep, lie down’ < *kini(i,u)[m]-
kum- ‘die’ < *kumV-
md- < *mVna- ‘be, stay’
nŋ-, ng- ‘perceive, know, see, hear, etc’ < *nVŋg-
kawnan ‘shadow, spirit’ < *k(a,o)
nan, takn ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
magi ‘round thing, egg, fruit, etc.’ < *maŋgV
ami ‘mother’ < *am(a,i,u)
b ‘man’ < *ambi
bapi, -ap ‘father’ < *mbapa, *ap
saŋ ‘women’s dancing song’ < *saŋ
ma- ‘negator’ < *ma-
an ‘who’ < *[w]ani

Rai Coast

Dumpu language:

man- ‘be, stay’ < *mVna-
mekh ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a]
im ‘louse’ < *iman
munu ‘heart’ < *mundun ‘inner organs’
kum- ‘die’ < *kumV-
kono ‘shadow’ < *k(a,o)nan
kini- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]-
ra- ‘take’ < *(nd,t)a-
urau ‘long’ < *k(o,u)ti(mb,p)V
gra ‘dry’ < *(ŋg,k)atata

Southern Adelbert

Sirva language:

mun(zera) ‘be, stay’ < *mVna-
kaja ‘blood’ < *kenja
miku ‘brain’ < *muku
simbil ‘guts’ < *simbi
tipi ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,)ut(i,u)C (metathesis)
iːma ‘louse’ < *iman
ibu ‘name’ < *imbi
kanumbu ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
mundu(ma) ‘nose’ < *mundu
kaːsi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
apapara ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta
kumu- ‘die’ < *kumV-
ŋg- ‘see’ < *nVŋg-

Proto-language

The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Madang by Ross (2014)^[7] are from the Trans-New Guinea database.^[8] Proto-Trans–New Guinea reconstructions are from Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström (2018).^[5]^{: 141–146}

gloss	Proto-Madang	Proto-Trans–New Guinea
head	*gat(a,i)(m)	*kV(mb,p)utu; mVtVna
hair	*imunu	(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; iti
ear	*kaun(i)	*kand(i,e)k[V]
eye	*amu	ŋg(a,u)mu; (ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV; *nVpV
nose	*mutu(gu)	*mundu
tooth	*make	*titi
tongue	*mele	me(l,n)e; mbilaŋ
leg	*kani(n)	k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]; kitu
louse	*[n]iman	*(n)iman
bird	*kVbara	yaka[i]; n[e]i
egg	*munaka	mun(a,e,i)ka; maŋgV
blood	ka(d,r)a; kara	*ke(nj,s)a
bone	*kwaten	*kondaC
skin	*ga(n,r)a	*(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
breast	*amu(na)	*amu
tree	*tari	*inda
woman	*na-gali(k)	*panV
sky	*ku(m,b)ut	kumut, tumuk; *samb[V]
sun	*kamali	kamali; ketane
moon	kalam; takun	kal(a,i)m; takVn[V]
water	*yag(V)	*(n)ok[V]
fire	*k(a,e)dap	k(a,o)nd(a,u)p; inda; *kambu
stone	*namanu	[na]muna; kamb(a,u)na
name	ibi; wañim	imbi; wani
eat	*(n,ñ)a	*na-
one	*kati(ŋ,g)a
two	*arigita	*ta(l,t)(a,e)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Madang
^ Ethnologue (15th edition)
^ Pick, Andrew (2019). "Yamben: A previously undocumented language of Madang" (PDF). 5th Workshop on the Languages of Papua. Universitas Negeri Papua, Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia.
^ actually i ~ si
^ ^a ^b Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ Pick, Andrew (2020). A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
^ Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Madang. TransNewGuinea.org.
^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.

References

Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
Pawley, Ross, & Osmond, 2005. Papuan languages and the Trans New Guinea phylum. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 38–51.

CLDF Dataset

Z'graggen, J A. (1980) A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range Languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. (CLDF dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537580)