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Gogodala–Suki
Gogodala–Suki
Suki – Aramia River
Geographic; distribution	Aramia River region, Western Province, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Papuan Gulf ? Gogodala–Suki;
Subdivisions	Gogodala; Suki;
Language codes
Glottolog	suki1244
	Map: The Gogodala–Suki languages of New Guinea The Gogodala–Suki languages Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited

The Gogodala–Suki or Suki – Aramia River languages are a small language family of Papua New Guinea, spoken in the region of the Aramia River.

Languages

The languages are:

Gogodala–Suki family
- Suki language
- Gogodala (Aramia River) branch:
  - Gogodala
  - Ari
  - Waruna

Gogodala–Suki languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.^[1]

List of Gogodala–Suki languages
Language	Location	Population
Suki	north-central Morehead Rural LLG	3,500
Gogodala	Gogodala Rural LLG	26,000
Ari	Gogodala Rural LLG	?
Waruna	Gogodala Rural LLG	?

Reconstruction

Phonology

The reconstructed sound system is,^[2]

*m	*n
*p	*t	*k
*b	*d	*g
	*s
	?*r

It's not clear that there was *w or *j distinct from *u and *i.

*i		*u
*e		*o
*ɛ
	*a

Pronouns

Free pronouns^[2]
	singular	plural
1st person	*nɛ	*sɛ
2nd person	*ɛ	*dɛ
3rd person	*o(-b)	?

Object prefixes^[2]
	singular	plural
1st person	*n-	*s-
2nd person	*-	*d-
3rd person	*-	*d-

(2SG and 3SG is zero.)

Lexicon

Proto-Suki–Aramia (i.e., Proto-Gogodala–Suki) lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:^[2]

gloss	Proto-Suki-Aramia
1SG	*nɛ
2SG	*ɛ
3SG	*o(-b)
1PL	*sɛ
2PL	*dɛ
again	*goarma
and/with	*da
animate ref.	*-te
be/live	*e[r]
breast	*bu
eat	*na
fat/grease	*sap[e/ɛ]
fire	*ir[a]
garden	*ega[d]
girl	*sua
give to 3SG	*ata
heavy	*mene
know	*it[a/o]ua
language	*gi
leaf	*bagu
locative	*-m
louse	*amu
man	*dar[o/a]
mouth	*magat
night	*is[ɛ/a]
nose	*min
other	*et[a/o]
path	*na...
penis	*o
see	*ti
skin/bark	*kakar
stative	*-[V]taka
tail	*uani
this/here	*mɛ-m
tooth	*poso
tree	*[e]i
wallaby/meat	*[u]kapu
what?/who?	*p[a]oa
where?/to	*bɛ
wing	*it[e/a]
woman	*ato
yesterday/tomorrow	*[ɛ/a]n[ɛ/a]p

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970),^[3] Voorhoeve (1970), and Reesink (1976), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.^[4]

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. atogi, ato, atu for “woman”) or not (e.g. mɛnəpila, poso, tamki for “tooth”).

gloss	Ari	Gogodala	Suki
head	gabi	ganabi	tibodu
hair	tiːta	tita	nigbagu
ear	etubada; kɛso	igibi	iakadgu
eye	tokodaba	tao	itumku
nose	ndogu	mina	umuku
tooth	mɛnəpila	poso	tamki
tongue		mɛlɛpila
leg	gupi
louse	ikami	ami	daka
dog	sokɛ	soke	ebme
pig		uai	kuainu
bird	soma
egg	momona
blood	dede
bone	mboige	gosa	budu
skin	kakala; puka	kaka	kaka
breast	omo	omo
tree	yei		riku
man	dalagi	dala; dalagi	daru; guargia
woman	atogi	ato; susɛgi	atu
sun	gadepa	kadɛpa	kamgu
moon	tɔkɔ
water	ogo	wi
fire	awa	ila	araka
stone	-nadi
road, path	nape	nabidi	napru; rapru
name	enoma	gagi	yaka
eat	na-	na
one	maitaia
two	saki

Evolution

Gogodalic-Suki formed a branch of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross. Possible reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:^[5]

Gogodala language:

omo ‘breast’ < *amu
magata ‘mouth, jaw’ < *maŋgat[a]
mele-pila ‘tongue’ < *mele-mbilaŋ
imu ‘eye’ < *(ŋg,k)amu
mi ‘louse’ < *iman, *niman
kadepa ‘sun’ < *kand(a,e)pa
ila ‘tree, fire’ < *inda
na- ‘eat’ < *na-
mana- ‘sit, stay’ < *mVna-

Suki language:

gigoa ‘cassowary’ < *ku(y)a
na- ‘eat’ < *na-

References

^ Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Usher, Timothy. 2020. Suki-Aramia River. NewGuineaWorld.
^ McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. doi:10.15144/PL-B16
^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.