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Kaure–Kosare
Kaure–Kosare
Nawa River
Geographic; distribution	Nawa River, New Guinea
Linguistic classification	a primary language family
Subdivisions	Kaure; Kosare;
Language codes
Glottolog	kaur1274
	Map: The Kaure–Kapori languages of New Guinea The Kaure–Kapori languages Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited

The Kaure–Kosare or Nawa River languages are a small family spoken along the Nawa River in West Papua, near the northern border with Papua New Guinea.^[1] The languages are Kaure and Kosare.

Classification

Kaure and Kosare (Kosadle) are clearly related. There is a history of classifying them with the Kapori–Sause languages. However, Kapori and Sause show no particular connection to the Kaure languages, and may be closer to Kwerba.^[1]

Foley (2018) considers a connection with Trans-New Guinea to be promising, but tentatively leaves Kaure-Kosare out as an independent language family pending further evidence.^[2]

Proto-language

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:^[1]

*m	*n
*p	*t		*k
*b			*g
	*s			*h
*w	*ɽ	[*j]

Coda consonants are stop *C (or more precisely *P) and nasal *N.

*i		*u
*e		*o
*ɛ		*ɔ
*æ	*a

Diphthongs are *ɛi, *ɛu, *ai *au.

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:^[1]

	sg	pl
1	no (?), na-	*wɛN
2	*ha-(nɛ)	?
3	?	?

Basic vocabulary

Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:^[1]

gloss	Proto-Nawa River
hair	*haⁱ
ear	*hwɔkɽuC
eye	*hwe̝N
tusk/tooth	*pakaⁱ
skin/bark	*ki
breast	*muN
louse	*miN
dog	*se̝
pig	*pî
bird	*ho̝C
tree	*tɛⁱC
woman	*naⁱ
sun	*h[æ/a]niC
moon	*paka
water	*mi[jɛ]
fire	*sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN)
eat	*naⁱ

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975)^[3]^[4] and other sources, as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.^[5]

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. poka, paka for “moon”) or not (e.g. goklu, huaglüt, kɔro for “ear”).

gloss	Kaure^[6]	Kosare^[7]	Narau
head	kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai	potɔ´
hair	hai; hat	potɔi	fukura hai
ear	goklu; huaglüt	'kɔro
eye	gewe; hwai; hwew	ĩsɛrit
nose	gopo; hapu	moro 'kakò
tooth	sbeje; səbokai	pɛki	sebekai
tongue	sremu; sɾumu	pɛrɛ´
leg	due; duɛ		nue
louse	mi; mĩ	mi
dog	se	sé
pig	pi	pi	kandu
bird	hou; hu; ku	o
egg	hore; te; wale	ho's̪ɛri
blood	hi; katesa; katsa	ña
bone	era; laq; loa	'kákò
skin	aguli; arohei; axlit
breast	mu; muq	kó kakò
tree	te; tei; teija	tĩⁿdi	bimesini
man	debla; dido		nepra
woman	dae	ḑɩmɔ'kasia
sky	lɛbü	nubɷ
sun	hafei; haɾi; harei	ɛnɛ´ⸯ	kaberja
moon	gaka; poka	paka
water	bi; biq; gomesi	biɛ	bi
fire	sa; saʔ; sareŋ	sá	sare
stone	təsi; tɛsi; tisi	'naka
road, path	selu	kɛmɔrɔ´
name	bəre; blɛ; nokomne	morɔ
eat	ganasi; kadi; kandɛ	kɛnɛ´	kanaisini
one	gogotia; kauxjaʔ; kaxotia	kora'ɸɛ
two	tɾapli; təravərei; trapi	tau

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e New Guinea World, Nawa River
^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. doi:10.15144/PL-A28.47
^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ Clouse, D.A. 1997. Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya. In Franklin, K. (ed). Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra.
^ Heeschen, V. 1978. The Mek languages of Irian Jaya with special reference to the Eipo language. Irian, 2: 3-67.

Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.