MAFF (gene)

MAFF
Identifiers
Aliases	MAFF, U-MAF, hMafF, MAF bZIP transcription factor F
External IDs	OMIM: 604877 MGI: 96910 HomoloGene: 7825 GeneCards: MAFF
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 22 (human)
End	38,216,507 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 15 (mouse)
End	79,243,276 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	amniotic fluid; ; mucosa of urinary bladder; ; pericardium; ; vena cava; ; pancreatic ductal cell; ; parotid gland; ; saphenous vein; ; lower lobe of lung; ; endothelial cell; ; seminal vesicula;
	Top expressed in
	aortic valve; ; ascending aorta; ; female urethra; ; esophagus; ; lip; ; yolk sac; ; left lung lobe; ; cumulus cell; ; right lung lobe; ; left colon;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	DNA-binding transcription factor activity; DNA binding; DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; sequence-specific DNA binding; protein binding; DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding;
Cellular component	mitochondrion; nucleoplasm; nucleus;
Biological process	skeletal muscle cell differentiation; regulation of epidermal cell differentiation; blood coagulation; in utero embryonic development; regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; transcription by RNA polymerase II; birth; transcription, DNA-templated; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	23764
	17133
	ENSG00000185022
	ENSMUSG00000042622
	Q9ULX9
	O54791
	NM_152878; NM_001161572; NM_001161573; NM_001161574; NM_012323
	NM_010755; NM_001304830; NM_001304831; NM_001304832
	NP_001155044; NP_001155045; NP_001155046; NP_036455
	NP_001291759; NP_001291760; NP_001291761; NP_034885
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Transcription factor MafF is a bZip Maf transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFF gene.^[5]^[6]

MafF is one of the small Maf proteins, which are basic region and leucine zipper (bZIP)-type transcription factors. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee-approved gene name of MAFF is “v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F”.

Discovery

MafF was first cloned and identified in chicken in 1993 as a member of the small Maf (sMaf) genes.^[5] MAFF has been identified in many vertebrates, including humans.^[6] There are three functionally redundant sMaf proteins in vertebrates, MafF, MafG, and MafK.

Structure

MafF has a bZIP structure that consists of a basic region for DNA binding and a leucine zipper structure for dimer formation.^[5] Similar to other sMafs, MafF lacks any canonical transcriptional activation domains.^[5]

Expression

MAFF is broadly but differentially expressed in various tissues. MAFF expression was detected in all 16 tissues examined by the human BodyMap Project, but relatively abundant in adipose, colon, lung, prostate and skeletal muscle tissues.^[7] Human MAFF gene is induced by proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor in myometrial cells.^[8]

Function

Because of sequence similarity, no functional differences have been observed among the sMafs in terms of their bZIP structures. sMafs form homodimers by themselves and heterodimers with other specific bZIP transcription factors, such as CNC (cap 'n' collar) proteins [p45 NF-E2 (NFE2), Nrf1 (NFE2L1), Nrf2 (NFE2L2), and Nrf3 (NFE2L3)]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] and Bach proteins (BACH1 and BACH2).^[13]

Target genes

sMafs regulate different target genes depending on their partners. For instance, the p45-NF-E2-sMaf heterodimer regulate genes responsible for platelet production.^[9]^[14]^[15] Nrf2-sMaf heterodimer regulates a battery of cytoprotective genes, such as antioxidant/xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme genes.^[11]^[16] The Bach1-sMaf heterodimer regulates the heme oxygenase-1 gene.^[13] In particular, it has been reported that MafF regulates the oxytocin receptor gene.^[17] The contribution of individual sMafs to the transcriptional regulation of their target genes has not yet been well examined.

Disease linkage

Loss of sMafs results in disease-like phenotypes as summarized in table below. Mice lacking MafF are seemingly healthy under laboratory conditions.^[18] However, mice lacking MafG exhibit mild neuronal phenotype and mild thrombocytopenia,^[19] mice lacking Mafg and one allele of Mafk (Mafg^−/−::Mafk^+/−) exhibit progressive neuronal degeneration, thrombocytopenia and cataract,^[20]^[21] and mice lacking MafG and MafK (Mafg^−/−::Mafk^−/−) exhibit more severe neuronal degeneration and die in the perinatal stage.^[22] Mice lacking MafF, MafG and MafK are embryonic lethal, demonstrating that MafF is indispensable for embryonic development.^[23] Embryonic fibroblasts that are derived from Maff^−/−::Mafg^-/−::Mafk^−/− mice fail to activate Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective genes in response to stress.^[16]

Genotype			Mouse Phenotype
Maff	Mafg	Mafk	Mouse Phenotype
−/−			No apparent phenotype under laboratory conditions ^[18]
	−/−		Mild motor ataxia, mild thrombocytopenia ^[19]
	−/−	+/−	Severe motor ataxia, progressive neuronal degeneration, severe thrombocytopenia, and cataract ^[20]^[21]
	−/−	−/−	More severe neuronal phenotypes, and perinatal lethal ^[22]
−/−	+/−	−/−	No severe abnormality ^[23] (Fertile)
−/−	−/−	−/−	Growth retardation, fetal liver hypoplasia, and lethal around embryonic day, 13.5 ^[23]
+/− (heterozygote), −/− (homozygote), blank (wild-type)

In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that as partners of CNC and Bach proteins, sMafs are involved in the onset and progression of various human diseases, including neurodegeneration, arteriosclerosis and cancer.