突厥字母

突厥字母
突厥文中「上天」一詞的寫法
类型
全音素文字发展中的辅音音素文字(五个兼元音字母英语mater lectionis
使用时期
约8至13世纪
书写方向從右至左書寫 编辑维基数据
语言古代突厥语
相关书写体系
父体系
子体系古匈牙利字母
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Orkh (175), ​Old Turkic, Orkhon Runic
Unicode
别名Old Turkic
范围U+10C00至U+10C4F
 本條目包含國際音標 (IPA) 符號。 有關 IPA 符號的介紹指南,請參閱 Help:IPA[ ]/ / 及 ⟨ ⟩ 之間的區別,參閲IPA§方括號與轉錄定界符
1907年于敦煌藏经洞发现的突厥文《占卜書》,现藏大英图书馆

突厥文𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜⁚𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏 ẗẅr̈k̈ b̈yẗg̈Türük bitig西部裕固语(eʰrkə) Turək pəʰtəɣ;叶尼塞圖瓦語эърги Түрк биъжии羅馬化:e'rgi Türk biǰii蒙古语ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ
ᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭ
ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ
西里尔字母Эртний Түрэг бичиг;英語:Old Turkic),俄语稱“鄂爾渾-葉尼塞文字”(俄语:орхо́но-енисе́йское пи́сьмо羅馬化orhóno-jenjisjéjskoje pjísjmo),是突厥人最初创造并被回紇、黠戛斯继承使用的一种文字,故因时代或被书写的方言也可称回紇文𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰆𐰺⁚𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏 ŵĵĝŵr̂ b̈yẗg̈Ûyĝûr bitig)或黠戛斯文古突厥语最早的文字记录即是以突厥字母为载体的。8世纪的鄂尔浑碑铭(分布在鄂尔浑河流域的阙特勤碑毗伽可汗碑等碑铭)与9世纪的叶尼塞碑铭日语イェニセイ碑文(分布在叶尼塞河流域的一系列碑铭)均以这种文字完成。突厥字母从右往左书写,鄂尔浑碑铭与叶尼塞碑铭所使用的字母稍有不同。

别称

土耳其人因自认突厥而将这种书写东方突厥语的文字称作“蓝突厥字母”或“天突厥字母”(土耳其語Göktürk alfabesi,“Göktürk”是突厥语“Kök Türük”在土耳其突厥方言中的读音)。因其形似西欧古代的如尼字母,故旧时被西欧人称为“突厥如尼文字”(英語:Turkic runes),但二者除长的像无任何关系[1]。Unicode突厥文标准起草人吾守尔·斯拉木在提交至Unicode的文档中曾建议“回纥鄂尔浑文”一称。

字母表

突厥语词汇按元辅音和谐可分两类,用今天的语言说:今阴性和谐圖瓦語Чымчак одуруглуг羅馬化:Čımčak oduruglug阿爾泰語јымжак табыштар羅馬化:ǰımžak tabıštar)的配前元音及牙辅音,今阳性和谐圖瓦語Кадыг одуруглуг羅馬化:Kadıg oduruglug阿爾泰語кату табыштар羅馬化:katu tabıštar)的配后元音及小舌辅音。

现代突厥语言书写系统如图瓦语、吉尔吉斯语西里尔字母均将这种对立表达在元音上,而突厥文常常将这种对立表达在纯辅音字母上。下表中,“基本”栏字母用于突厥、回紇、黠戛斯语,一般称作鄂尔浑字母,而“黠戛斯”栏字母可选择性地用于黠戛斯语。

与绝大多数突厥语文字系统类似的是,突厥文无法表达今西部裕固语图瓦语柯坪维吾尔语撒拉语土库曼语的带擦元音或类似对立。这并不意味着古突厥语没有元音带擦对立,而仅仅是从古文字中无法提取出这类信息。

纯辅音字母

和谐对立组
阳性和谐(I类) 阴性和谐(II类)
基本 黠戛斯 拉丁化 IPA 基本 黠戛斯 拉丁化 IPA
𐰉 𐰊 /b/ 𐰋 𐰌 /b/
𐰑 𐰒 /d/ 𐰓 /d/
𐰍 𐰎 *G→/ʁ/ 𐰏 𐰐 *G→/ɡ/
𐰞 𐰟 /l/ 𐰠 /l/
𐰣 /n/ 𐰤 𐰥 /n/
𐰺 𐰻 /r/ 𐰼 /r/
𐰽 /s/ 𐰾 /s/
𐱃 𐱄 /t/ 𐱅 𐱆 /t/
𐰖 𐰗 /j/ 𐰘 𐰙 /j/
𐰴 𐰵 *K→/q/ 𐰚 𐰛 *K→/k/
𐰸 𐰹 k̂ʷ *KW→/oq/, /uq/, /qo/, /qu/, /q/ 𐰜 𐰝 k̈ʷ *KW→/øk/, /yk/, /kø/, /ky/, /k/
𐰶 𐰷 k̂ᶭ *KY→/ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ 𐰱 k̈ʲ *KY→/itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/
后表 (𐰬‬、𐰧‬) ŋ̂ /ŋ~nd~d/ 后表 𐰮 ŋ /ŋ/
无对立组及特殊字母
基本 黠戛斯 拉丁化 IPA
𐰲 𐰳 č /tʃ/
𐰢 m /m/
𐰯 p /p/
𐱁 𐱂[2] š (š̈) /ʃ/
𐰔 𐰕 z /z/
𐰭 前表 ŋ /ŋ/
𐰨 𐰩 -nč /ntʃ/
𐰪 𐰫 -nj /ɲ/
𐰡 -lt /lt/, /ld/
𐰦 𐰧 -nt /nt/, /nd/
𐰿 𐱀 âš (š̂) /aʃ/
𐱇 ŵt[3] /ot/, /ut/
𐱈 bâš[4] /baʃ/
无对立组
基本 黠戛斯 拉丁化 IPA
阳性对立 阴性对立 半元音
不写 任何
𐰀 见后表 ʾ /ɑ/ /æ/
𐰃 𐰄 y /ɯ/ /i/ /j/
𐰅 e/b̈ /e/ /β/
和谐对立组及其他
阳性和谐(I类) 阴性和谐(II类)
基本 黠戛斯 拉丁化 IPA 基本 黠戛斯 拉丁化 IPA
前表 𐰁 â /ɑ/ 前表 𐰂 ä /æ/
𐰆 𐰆 *W→/o/, /u/ 𐰇 𐰈 *W→/ø/, /y/
𐰸 𐰹 k̂ʷ *KW→/oq/, /uq/, /qo/, /qu/, /q/ 𐰜 𐰝 k̈ʷ *KW→/øk/, /yk/, /kø/, /ky/, /k/
𐰶 𐰷 k̂ᶭ *KY→/ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ 𐰱 k̈ʲ *KY→/itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/

标点

“⁚”和“”是单词间分隔符,后者为红色句读符号,出现在夹杂汉文的《占卜书》中。[5]

字符换写与音译转写

突厥文拉丁转写并无同一标准,在提交至Unicode的文档N3357R2附录中,俄国将写作ñ,而现代土耳其语介绍却将写作ñ,中国的老维吾尔文文档则使用新维文给出转写,将俄版č写作q。为防止歧义,本条目使用的音素换写避免出现“q”、“ñ”等会在各国产生不同理解的拉丁转写符号,将可能被写成ñ的两个鼻辅音分别转写为nj和ŋ(参见德文文档)、将可能被写成q的两个辅音写成k̂(汉语拼音字母)和č(俄式拼写),以确保不被错误理解。英文维基百科使用的是近似土耳其的拼写,而英文维基词典则使用近似俄式的拼写。

音译转写时,应在隐藏aleph处添置元音,同时把辅音上的和谐符号移动至元音上,只保留K与G上的和谐符号。

  • 例如,“𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃”(ẗŋr̈y)在转写时应变为“täŋri”,插入未写出alpeh的A后将t与r上的阴性符号搬至A与I上。转写并非唯一,比如,阿尔泰语中“天”读作“теҥери”,因此阿尔泰人在转写此词时可能会将其插入两个隐形aleph成为“ẗAŋAr̈I”后和谐作“täŋäri”,而哈萨克人则将其理解做“ẗAŋIr̈I”后和谐作“täŋiri[6](不过由于有中古汉语记音“登里”,一般转写“täŋri”比较常见)。
  • 又如“𐰘𐰃𐰕”(j̈yz 脸)一词正常理解为“j̈Iz=jiz”,但由于绝大多数现代突厥语将“脸”和“百”(“𐰘𐰇𐰕j̈ẅz→jüz)读如同音,故多将理解成“j̈yUz=jːüz”(如维基词典),然而在亚速乌鲁姆语中,脸可读作“yiz”但百只能读作“yüz”,且诸多突厥语带有疑似借自乌古尔语支的“č/šir”(脸)一词,显示出突厥文脸与百确实具有不同的发音。

这是源于突厥文的辅音音素文字特征,借助其他语言借音和现代突厥语大致推断所得,其转写或多或少受到转写者所熟悉的现代方言及外语的影响,甚至汗国时期的不同地方就已有方言差异。

西渐

与回鹘文不同,突厥文在西传的过程中流行更广,不仅在西域产生葛逻禄文变体,还最终适应非突厥语族语言演进出古匈牙利文,横跨整个亚欧大陆

古代題刻

公元716年暾欲谷碑片段。

Unicode

Unicode 6.0標準給古突厥文分配的範圍是U+10C00至U+10C4F。

現在支援這些字元的字體有 Windows 10 內建的 Segoe UI Historic[7]Google 開發的 Noto Sans Old Turkic 以及 BabelStone Irk Bitig[8]

古突厥文
Old Turkic[1][2]
Unicode Consortium 官方碼表(PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+10C0x 𐰀 𐰁 𐰂 𐰃 𐰄 𐰅 𐰆 𐰇 𐰈 𐰉 𐰊 𐰋 𐰌 𐰍 𐰎 𐰏
U+10C1x 𐰐 𐰑 𐰒 𐰓 𐰔 𐰕 𐰖 𐰗 𐰘 𐰙 𐰚 𐰛 𐰜 𐰝 𐰞 𐰟
U+10C2x 𐰠 𐰡 𐰢 𐰣 𐰤 𐰥 𐰦 𐰧 𐰨 𐰩 𐰪 𐰫 𐰬 𐰭 𐰮 𐰯
U+10C3x 𐰰 𐰱 𐰲 𐰳 𐰴 𐰵 𐰶 𐰷 𐰸 𐰹 𐰺 𐰻 𐰼 𐰽 𐰾 𐰿
U+10C4x 𐱀 𐱁 𐱂 𐱃 𐱄 𐱅 𐱆 𐱇 𐱈
註釋
1.^ 依據 Unicode 15.0
2.^ 灰色區域表示未分配的碼位

註釋

  1. ^ 阿力肯·阿吾哈里. 古代突厥如尼文字源字旧粟特文说质疑. 新疆哲学社会科学网. [2019-08-07]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-07). 
  2. ^ According to Gabain (1941)
  3. ^ According to Gabain (1941), not listed in Thomsen (1893)
  4. ^ According to Tekin (1968); not listed in Thomsen (1893) or Gabain (1941) [需要解释]; Malov (1951) lists the sign but gives no sound value.
  5. ^ The Unicode Standard, Chapter 14.8: Old Turkic (PDF). Unicode Consortium. March 2020 [2023-04-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-07-18). 
  6. ^ The Kultegin inscription. [2023-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-26). 
  7. ^ MSDN: Script and Font Support in Windows. [2016-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-08). 
  8. ^ BabelStone Fonts: BabelStone Irk Bitig. [2016-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-17). 

參考文獻

  • Diringer, David. The Alphabet: a Key to the History of Mankind, New York: Philosophical Library, 1948, pp. 313–315
  • Erdal, Marcel. 2004. A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
  • Faulmann, Carl. 1990 (1880). Das Buch der Schrift. Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn. ISBN 3-8218-1720-8 (德文)
  • Février, James G. Histoire de l'écriture, Paris: Payot, 1948, pp. 311–317 (法文)
  • Ishjatms, N. "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4
  • Jensen, Hans. Sign Symbol and Script. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 1970. ISBN 0-04-400021-9. .
  • Kara, György. 1996. “Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages”, in Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, eds. The world’s writing systems. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0
  • Kyzlasov, I.L. "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, ISBN 5-02-017741-5
  • Malov, S.E. 1951, Pamjatniki Drevnitjurkskoj Pisʹmennosti (Памятники Древнитюркской Письменности), Moskva & Leningrad. (俄文)
  • Muxamadiev, Azgar. (1995). Turanian Writing (Туранская Письменность). In Zakiev, M. Z.(Ed.), Problemy lingvoėtnoistorii tatarskogo naroda (Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа). Kazan: Akademija Nauk Tatarstana. (俄文)
  • Róna-Tas, A. 1991. An introduction to Turkology. Szeged.
  • Scharlipp, Wolfgang Ekkehard. 2000. Eski Türk run yazıtlarına giris ̧: ders kitabı = An introduction to the Old Turkish Runic inscriptions: A textbook in English and Turkish. Engelschoff: Auf dem Ruffel. ISBN 978-3-933847-00-3
  • Tekin, Talat. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 69 (Bloomington/The Hague: Mouton, 1968)
  • Thomsen, Vilhelm. Inscriptions de l’Orkhon déchiffrées, Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, Helsinki Toimituksia, no. 5 Helsingfors: La société de literature Finnoise [1] (法文)
  • Vasilʹiev, D.D. Korpus tjurkskix runičeskix pamjatnikov Bassina Eniseja [Corpus of the Turkic Runic Monuments of the Yenisei Basin], Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science, 1983 (俄文)
  • von Gabain, A. 1941. Alttürkische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, auch Neutürkisch. Mit vier Schrifttafeln und sieben Schriftproben. (Porta Linguarum Orientalium; 23) Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. (德文)

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Protected area in Victoria, AustraliaLittle Desert National ParkVictoriaIUCN category II (national park) Little Desert National ParkNearest town or cityDimboolaCoordinates36°36′24″S 141°11′19″E / 36.60667°S 141.18861°E / -36.60667; 141.18861Established1988[1][2]Area1,326.47 km2 (512.2 sq mi)[3]Managing authoritiesParks VictoriaWebsiteLittle Desert National ParkSee alsoProtected areas of Victoria The Little Desert Nati...

Provide various degrees of legal protection against discrimination States whose constitutions contain equal rights provisions (blue). In three states (yellow), such an amendment has passed one of two houses of the legislature. In one state (green), such an amendment has been sent by the legislature to an upcoming referendum. States have passed state equal rights amendments (ERAs) to their constitutions that provide various degrees of legal protection against discrimination based on sex. With ...

 

Artikel ini memerlukan pemutakhiran informasi. Alasannya: Ada kejuaraan yang telah berlalu dan kemungkinan tokoh ini telah menjadi alumni. Harap perbarui paragraf kedua dengan menambahkan informasi terbaru yang tersedia.Cheng I-chingCheng pada tahun 2016Personal informationLahir15 Februari 1992 (umur 32)Tainan, TaiwanGaya bermainRight-handed shakehand grip Rekam medali Putri tenis meja Mewakili  Tionghoa Taipei Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020 Tokyo Mixed Doubles World Championships 2016 ...

 

German World War II submarine U-570 Type VIIC submarine that was captured by the British in 1941. This U-boat is almost identical to U-1197. History Nazi Germany NameU-1197 Ordered25 August 1941 BuilderF Schichau GmbH, Danzig Yard number1567 Laid down13 March 1943 Launched30 September 1943 Commissioned2 December 1943 Decommissioned25 April 1945 Fate Captured in May 1945 Sunk in February 1946 General characteristics Class and typeType VIIC submarine Displacement 769 tonnes (757 long tons) surf...

Suburb of Dublin, Ireland Suburb in Dublin, Leinster, IrelandRathgar Ráth GarbhSuburbGarville Avenue, RathgarRathgarLocation in IrelandShow map of IrelandRathgarRathgar (Dublin)Show map of DublinCoordinates: 53°18.7′N 6°16.46′W / 53.3117°N 6.27433°W / 53.3117; -6.27433CountryIrelandProvinceLeinsterCountyDublinLocal government areaDublin City Rathgar (Irish: Ráth Garbh, meaning 'rough ringfort')[1] is a suburb of Dublin in Ireland. It was originally a ...

 

South African Bank Not to be confused with Ewbank (disambiguation). This article is about the South African bank. For the Australian bank, see UBank. Ubank LimitedIndustryBankingFounded1975HeadquartersMidrand, Gauteng, Johannesburg, South AfricaNumber of locationsSeveral branchesServicesMicrofinanceParentUbank GroupWebsiteubank.co.za Ubank Limited (formerly known as Teba Bank) is a South African bank operating in the microfinance sector which mainly targets lower-income blue-collar workers, e...