阿茲特克文字

阿茲特克文字
类型
象形
使用时期
大部分尚存手抄本約來自16世紀
语言納瓦特爾語
相关书写体系
姊妹体系米斯特文字英语Mixtec writing
Unicode
范围U+15C00-U+15FFF(暫時)[1]
 本條目包含國際音標 (IPA) 符號。 有關 IPA 符號的介紹指南,請參閱 Help:IPA[ ]/ / 及 ⟨ ⟩ 之間的區別,參閲IPA§方括號與轉錄定界符

阿茲特克文字納瓦特爾文字前哥倫布時期納瓦人於墨西哥中部所用的一種象形形意的書寫系統,他們將這種文字用於歷史紀錄、宗教占卜及行政事務。西班牙征服者征服中美洲時焚毀了大部分阿茲特克手抄本英语Aztec codices,剩下來的手抄本,如曼多撒手抄本波旁尼克手抄本奧蘇納手抄本英语Codex Osuna都是寫在鹿皮及植物纖維上的。

起源

阿茲特克文字是源自薩波特克文字,而有人亦認為米斯特克文字是起源於薩波特文字。首批瓦哈卡銘文被認為是經加密的薩波特克文字,部分原因是以數字作為字尾形成了薩波特克語的特徵。[1]

結構與使用

阿茲特克文字是象形形意原始文字,而在文字加上表聲圖畫則有增音的作用。與瑪雅文字不同,阿茲特克文字並不被視為是一種真正的文字,因為並不存在這些書寫符號的結集,亦沒有一套規則教人怎樣使用這些文字。再者,使用阿茲特克文字就有如自行創作一樣,每個人都可以為每個字賦予自己的意思。[2]最為約定俗成的符號只是少數的植物、動物和部分人體器官、自然現象、若干文化手工藝品及日曆上首二十天的名字。[2]而墨西哥中部不同語言的部落也使用這些意音字形。[2]

阿茲特克文字的形意性質在表達抽象概念時特別明顯。例如在阿茲特克的文字中,「死亡」是一具葬禮中包裹着的屍體;而「夜晚」是一片黑色的天空和一隻閉上了的眼睛;至於「戰爭」則是一面盾牌和一根棍棒;「說話」則在一個說話中的人的口邊畫上渦卷形的符號。而移動和走路則以腳印表示。[3]

阿茲特克文字的字形可用作表達一個同音或近音,但意思不同的字。這種情況在表達城市名稱時特別明顯。[4]例如阿茲特克的首都特諾奇提特蘭會以兩個象形圖表示:石頭(te-tl)和仙人掌(nochtli)。

阿茲特克文字並沒有特定的排列方向,它們並不是以直線排列,而是以表意的形式去表達一個情景。在圖畫的底部是大地,頂部是天空,二者之間就是記述了的人與事。[3]

相關條目

資料來源

  1. ^ Justeson, John S. (1986). "The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica". pp. 437-458.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Carmack, Robert M., Gasco, Janine L., Gossen, Gary H. (2007). "The Legacy of Mesoamerica". pp. 426.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Bray, Warwick (1968). "Everyday Life of The Aztecs". pp. 93-96.
  4. ^ Spinden, Herbert J. (1928). "Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America". pp. 223-229.

參考文獻

Lacadena, Alfonso. A Nahuatl Syllabary (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2008, VIII (4) [2018-07-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-21). 
Justeson, John S. The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica (PDF). World Archaeology (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul). February 1986, 17 (3): 437–458 [2018-07-09]. ISSN 0043-8243. OCLC 2243103. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979981. (原始内容 (online facsimile)存档于2009-11-22). 
Prem, Hanns J. Aztec Writing. Victoria R. Bricker (volume ed.), with Patricia A. Andrews (编). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Epigraphy. Victoria Reifler Bricker (general editor). Austin: University of Texas Press. 1992: 53–69. ISBN 0-292-77650-0. OCLC 23693597. 
Soustelle, Jacques. Daily Life of the Aztecs: On the Eve of the Spanish Conquest. Patrick O’Brian (trans.). London: Phoenix. 1961. ISBN 1-84212-508-7. OCLC 50217224. 
Zender, Marc. One Hundred and Fifty Years of Nahuatl Decipherment (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2008, VIII (4) [2018-07-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-21). 
Nuttall, Zelia. On the Complementary Signs of the Mexican Graphic System (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2008, VIII (4) [2018-07-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-21). 
VanEssendelft, Willem. The Word Made Stone (PDF). Harvard Special Collections. 2011 [2018-07-09]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-02-26). 

延伸閱讀

  • Lawrence Lo. Aztec. Ancient Scripts. [2018-07-09]. 原始内容存档于2017-10-28. 
  • Nicholson, H. B. Phoneticism in the Late Pre-Hispanic Central Mexican Writing System. E. P. Bensen (编). Mesoamerica Writing Systems. 1974: 1–46. 
  • Thouvenot, Marc. Nahuatl Script. Anne-Marie Christin (编). A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia. Flammarion. 2002. 

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