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馬拉雅拉姆文

馬拉雅拉姆文
类型
使用时期
大約830年[1][2]–現在
书写方向從左至右 编辑维基数据
语言馬拉雅拉姆語
孔卡尼語
相关书写体系
父体系
姊妹体系Tulu文
泰米爾文
僧伽羅文
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Mlym (347), ​Malayalam
Unicode
别名Malayalam
范围U+0D00–U+0D7F
 本條目包含國際音標 (IPA) 符號。 有關 IPA 符號的介紹指南,請參閱 Help:IPA[ ]/ / 及 ⟨ ⟩ 之間的區別,參閲IPA§方括號與轉錄定界符
此網頁中使用了婆罗米系文字。若您的系統缺少相关的显示支持,可能会出现问号、方块、错位的元音符号,或者无法显示合体字。

馬拉雅拉姆文馬拉雅拉姆語: മലയാളലിപിMalayāḷalipi, 發音:[mɐləjaːɭɐ lɪβɪ] )是一種婆羅米系元音附標文字,通常用來書寫馬拉雅拉姆語,它是印度喀拉拉邦的主要語言,在世界上有3600萬人講這門語言[3]孔卡尼語,實際上是兩門獨立語言(ISO 639-3: knngom)儘管相對罕見但也有時用它書寫[4]。這種文字也用來書寫一些次要語言如Paniya語、Betta Kurumba語和Ravula語。[5]在另一方面,馬拉雅拉姆語在歷史上用多種不同的文字書寫。即使今天它有時也用馬拉雅拉姆阿拉伯文書寫,主要用於新加坡馬來西亞的穆斯林中。[1]

歷史

馬拉雅拉姆語最初用Vatteluttu文書寫,它是泰米爾語的古代文字。但是,現代馬拉雅拉姆文衍生自古蘭塔文,它最初用來書寫梵語。Vatteluttu文和Grantha文二者都獨立起源於婆羅米文

字母表

現代馬拉雅拉姆文有13個元音字母,36個輔音字母和一些其他符號。下表中使用了ISO 15919羅馬化。

元音

元音字母及附標

單元音
獨立 依賴 獨立 依賴
附標 例子 附標 例子
a a /a/ (無) pa /pa/ ā /aː/ പാ /paː/
i i /i/ ി പി pi /pi/ ī /iː/ പീ /piː/
u u /u/ പു pu /pu/ ū /uː/ പൂ /puː/
/rɨ/ പൃ pr̥ /prɨ/ r̥̄ /rɨː/ പൄ pr̥̄ /prɨː/
/lɨ/ പൢ pl̥ /plɨ/ l̥̄ /lɨː/ പൣ pl̥̄ /plɨː/
e e /e/ പെ pe /pe/ ē /eː/ പേ /peː/
o o /o/ പൊ po /po/ ō /oː/ പോ /poː/

, r̥̄, , l̥̄ 用於書寫梵語詞。

雙元音
獨立 依賴
附標 例子
ai ai /ai̯/ പൈ pai /pai̯/
au au /au̯/ (古代) പൌ pau /pau̯/
(現代) പൗ pau /pau̯/

隨韻(അനുസ്വാരം)

隨韻
aṁ അം aṁ /am/ /m/ പം paṁ /pam/

止韻(വിസർഗം)

止韻
aḥ അഃ aḥ /ah/ /h/ പഃ paḥ /pah/

輔音

基本字母

വർഗം輔音
清音 濁音
不送氣 送氣 不送氣 送氣 鼻音
軟腭音 ka /ka/ kha /kʰa/ ga /ɡa/ gha /ɡʱa/ ṅa /ŋa/
硬腭音/
齦後音
ca /t͡ʃa/ cha /t͡ʃʰa/ ja /d͡ʒa/ jha /d͡ʒʱa/ ña /ɲa/
卷舌音 ṭa /ʈa/ ṭha /ʈʰa/ ḍa /ɖa/ ḍha /ɖʱa/ ṇa /ɳa/
齒音 ta /t̪a/ tha /t̪ʰa/ da /d̪a/ dha /d̪ʱa/ na /n̪a, na/[A]
唇音 pa /pa/ pha /pʰa/ ba /ba/ bha /bʱa/ ma /ma/
其他輔音
ya /ja/ ra /ɾa/[B] la /la/[C] va /ʋa/[D]
śa /ɕa/[E] ṣa /ʂa/[F] sa /sa/ [G] ha /ɦa/
ḷa /ɭa/[H] ക്ഷ kṣa[I] /kʂa/ ḻa /ɻa/[J] [K] ṟa, ṯa /ra, ta/ [L] ṉa /na/ [M] ṯa /ta/
  • A 齒鼻音齒齦鼻音,依賴於詞語。
  • B 齒齦閃音
  • C 舌頭幾乎觸及牙齒([l̪]),比英語l靠前。
  • D [ʋʷ]
  • E [ʃʷ]
  • F 清舌尖-硬腭近音[ʂ̺̠˕][6]
  • G 噝擦音[s̪]
  • H 舌尖-硬腭音[ɭ̺̠]
  • I 這個字符是合寫,但有時列為基本單位。經常發音為/ʈ͡ʂa/
  • J 濁舌尖-硬腭近音[ʐ̺̠˕][6]這個音通常描述為/ɻ/,但也可以近似為/ɹ/[7]
  • K (1)雙重這個字母 (റ + റ)經常表示清齒齦塞音/tːa/;(2)chillu-n +這個字母(ൻ + റ)經常表示/nda/;(3)否則表示齒齦顫音(舌尖音)/ra/。可供選擇的,(1)可以轉寫為ṯṯa替代ṟṟa,(2)轉寫為nṯa (非nḏa)替代nṟa
  • L 對應於泰米爾文ṉa 。在學術文章中罕見的表示齒齦鼻音,對比於齒鼻音。[8]在日常文本都用na 表示。
  • M 在學術文章中罕見的表示清齒齦塞音,對比於ta 表示的清齒塞音。在日常文本中都用ṟa 表示。[8]

Chandrakkala

作為怛達點畵

Chandrakkala (ചന്ദ്രക്കല, candrakkala)是摒棄所跟隨輔音的固有元音的符號。這類被稱作怛達點畵的符號在印度文字中很常見,在印地語中叫做“訶蘭多”。

Half-u

在詞尾,同樣的符號有時表示一個非常短的元音,叫做“half-u”或samvruthokaram(സംവൃതോകാരം, saṁvr̥tōkāram)。

其他符號

Praslesham 對應天城文avagraha,用在用馬拉雅拉姆文書寫包含avagraha的梵語詞句的時候。(馬拉雅拉姆語: പ്രശ്ലേഷംpraślēṣam)
日期標記 用於日期縮寫中。
Danda 古代標點符號。
雙danda

下面是馬拉雅拉姆文數字和分數。

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000 ¼ ½ ¾

Unicode編碼

馬拉雅拉姆文的Unicode編碼範圍是U+0D00-U+0D7F。

馬拉雅拉姆文
Malayalam[1][2]
Unicode Consortium 官方碼表 (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+0D0x
U+0D1x
U+0D2x
U+0D3x ി
U+0D4x   ൎ  
U+0D5x
U+0D6x
U+0D7x ൿ
注釋
1.^ 依據 Unicode 14.0
2.^ 灰色區域表示未被分配的碼位

注釋

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Ager, Simon. Malayalam alphabet, pronunciation and language. Omniglot. 1998 [2009-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-10). 
  2. ^ Vazhapally Temple. Vazhappally Sree Mahadeva Temple. [2009-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2011-01-09). 
  3. ^ Lewis, M. Paul (编), Malayalam, Ethnologue: Languages of the World 16th, SIL International, 2009 [2009-10-31], (原始内容存档于2007-12-27). 
  4. ^ Lo, Lawrence. Ancient Scripts: Malayalam. [2009-12-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-03). 
  5. ^ Ethnologue(16th ed.): "Paniya页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", "Kurumba, Betta页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", and "Ravula页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)".
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Canepari (2005), pp. 397, 185.
  7. ^ Mohanan (1996), p.421.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Everson, Michael. Proposal to add two characters for Malayalam to the BMP of the UCS (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3494. 2007 [2009-09-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-24). 

參考文獻

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