巴特尔 (称谓)

巴特尔（蒙古语：ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠣᠷ，鲍培转写：Baγatur；喀尔喀蒙古语：Баатар Bātar；土耳其語：Bağatur, Batur, Bahadır；哈薩克語：Батыр Batyr；烏茲別克語：Batyr），亦作巴特勒、巴托、巴图尔、把阿秃儿、拔都[來源請求]等，在蒙古语、满语、突厥语等语言中，均意为“英雄”，是常见的中亚人名和尊称[1]。

历史

这一词汇最早见于7世纪的中国隋朝史书，为长城以北的游牧民族使用[2][3]。到8世纪，已经被突厥汗国使用，到9世纪传入东欧，为保加利亚第一帝国的保加尔人使用。有说法认为这一词汇来源于伊朗语族的词根*bag，意为“神、领主”[4]。

自13世纪起，各個蒙古部落将巴特爾當作尊榮的頭銜，授與部落中的勇者。他不一定出身門閥貴族，但是他具備了獨特的勇氣，能夠抛棄自己個人的利益，勇敢果決的在危機時候做出英勇行為。巴特爾可能是任何一個具備了堅毅、勇敢、頑強、絕不屈服的人，蒙古人認為，他是受到長生天眷顧的勇者。這些勇士們，構成一個受人尊崇的群體，稱為巴圖德（Baatuud）。

这一词汇在成吉思汗的征服活动后得到广泛传播，成为伊尔汗国、帖木儿帝国、莫卧儿帝国的荣誉头衔之一，流入中亚文化、东欧文化和印度文化及当地语言。其保加利亚语形式为Багатур（Bagatur），俄语形式为俄语：богатырь（Bogatyr，博加特耶尔）；波兰语形式为Bohater（意为英雄）；匈牙利语形式为Bátor（意为勇敢）；格鲁吉亚语形式为Bagatur；波斯语形式为بهادر‎（Bahador）；印度斯坦语形式为Bahadur（巴哈杜尔）。

这一词汇的满语形式为巴图鲁（满语：ᠪᠠᡨᡠ᠋ᡵᡠ，转写：baturu），为满洲传统封号之一[5]。

人名

蒙古人希望自己的兒子，能夠具備勇士的特質，因此經常以巴特爾來做為命名。

以巴特尔同源词为名

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ Ed. Herbert Franke and others - The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368, p.567
  2. ^ C. Fleischer, "Bahādor", in Encyclopædia Iranica
  3. ^ Grousset 194.
  4. ^ Beckwith 2009，第387頁
  5. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第190頁

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