Flavius Claudius Iulianus

Wikidata Flavius Claudius Iulianus
Res apud Vicidata repertae:
Flavius Claudius Iulianus: imago
Flavius Claudius Iulianus: imago
Nativitas: 17 Novembris 331; Constantinopolis mediaevalis
Obitus: 26 Iunii 363; Mesopotamia
Patria: Roma antiqua

Familia

Genitores: Flavius Iulius Constantius; Basilina
Coniunx: Helena
Proles: Flavius
Familia: Constantinian dynasty

Memoria

Sepultura: Tarsus

Flavius Claudius Iulianus, a Christianis Apostata cognominatus, Augustus atque Imperator Romanus duobus tantum annis fuit, ab anno 361 ad annum 363, ultimus imperator paganus. Philosophus Neoplatonisticus et scriptor operum fuit. Mores Religionis Romanae et cultus deorum renovare et Christianismi auctoritatem in imperio reducere temptavit. In expeditione Persica pilo necatus est.

Vita

Iuventus

Solidus Iuliani.

Iulianus natus est 6 Novembris(?) anno 331 (aut 332) ex Iulio Constantio Constantini Augusti fratre. Ei mater erat Basilina Iulii Iuliani filia praefecti praetorio Licinii imperatoris, quae anno post Iulianum natum mortua est. Constantius I morte Constantini potestatem munire, trucidationi familiae Iuliani iussit et patrem et cognatos necavit quando quinque anni natus fuit. Iulianus et frater suus Gallus vacui morte et missi sunt ad exsilium in Nicomedia

Educatus est a Mardonio et Eusebio episcopo Nicomediano, deinde 18 annis natus Constantinopolitano. In doctrina Christiana educatus sed etiam in litteris antiquis Homeri et Platonis. Inter exsilium secretus est a quoque neque amici nec aliquis eum visere possuerunt. Etiamsi eruditio suus Christiana est, tractus est multum ad philosophias "Paganas" sicut Neoplatonismus et favorem litteris auctoribus antiquis excoluit. Natali vicessimo, subito crevit se esse cultorem deorum gentilium. Circa eodem tempore, peregrinari in imperio concessus est. Primo studuit Neoplatonismum sub philosopho Aedesio, discipulus pristinus Iamblichi in Asia Minor et tum relatus a discipulo Aedesii ad Maximo Ephesio. Iulianus a Maximo initiatus in religionem Neoplatonicam item varias cultus velut Cultum Mithrae. Cum rebellio in Occidente indicata est ab usurpator Magnentio, antequam ire in itinere expeditioni, Constantius fratrem consanguineum Iuliani Gallum Caesarem fecit in 351. Iulianus autem in 354 cum Gallo accusatus perduellionis et vocatus est ad Mediolanum. Dissimilis ob fratrem Gallum, qui necatus erat, Iulianus absolutus est sed detentus illic uno anno. Permissus est redire Athenas, ubi studia colere perguit. Post rebellionem usurpatoris Magnentii, cum morte Constantis Constantio totum imperium traditum est.

Iulianus Caesar

Quaerens subsidio et Eusebia uxore suadente Constantius titulum Caesaris Iuliano tribuit et factus est imperator Occidentis die 6 Novembris 355. Eodem tempore ei Helenam sororem Mediolani uxori dedit. In Galliam profectus est, quae tum barbarorum incursionibus vexata est. Hos aggressus est et autumno Francos apud Argentoratum pervicit.

Iulianus Augustus

Alamannis Francisque debellatis Galliaque pacata Iulianus Caesar, cum Februario 360 a militibus suis Lutetia in urbe Augustus declaratus Constantio Augusto fratri suo patrueli obviam profectus esset, eo denique in Cilicia mortuo duos tantum annos regnavit. Qui cum auctoritatem deorum veterum restituendam esse ratus, quae beneficia sacerdotibus Christianis ex edicto Mediolanensi essent concessa, omnia sustulisset, a rerum scriptoribus Christianis Apostata cognominatus est. Quae cum ita essent, eruditissimus imperator, qui sapientiae Platonis tantam dedit operam, ut inter scriptores illius aetatis philosophosque maximos numeretur, cum apud doctiores in civitatibus Graecis homines et quidem cultores antiquae pietatis nobiles auctoritate floreret, milites populumque alienavit.

Mors

Si plus cognoscere vis, vide etiam Expeditio in Persas conducta (363).

Postremo bello Persis illato cum Alexandri aemulus gloriae Ctesiphontem Persarum caput frustra obsedisset, in proelio prope Maranga die 26 Iunii 363 mortem obiit: pilo necatus est quod miles Christianus (secundum fontes posteriores) in illum iecerit. Quam ob rem in extremis illud vicisti exclamavisse Galilaee (nam imperator Galilaeum appellabat Christum Christianosque) traditur a Theodoreto rerum gestarum scriptore in historiae ecclesiasticae libro tertio, capite vicesimo quinto.

Opera

Paene omnia scripta lingua Graeca composita sunt.

Orationes
  • Oratio I: Ad laudem Constantii imperatoris (anno 355)
  • Oratio II: De factis magnis Constantii imperatoris (scripta, cum Caesar in Gallia fuit)
  • Oratio III: Ad honorem Eusebiae imperatricis (anno 355)
  • Oratio IV: Hymnus Helii Dei, ad Sallustium amicum scriptus
  • Oratio V: Hymnus ad Matrem Deorum
  • Oratio VI: In Cynicos ineruditos
  • Oratio VII: Ad Heraclium Cynicum
  • Oratio VIII: Ad Sallustium profiscentem consolatio
Epistulae
  • Iulianus epistulas multas ad amicos vel inimicos scripsit.
Saturae
Contra Christianos
  • Iulianus et librum Contra Galilaeos composuit.

Alii fontes antiqui

Notae

  1. Ammianus Marcellinus XXII.14.1-3.

Bibliographia

Editiones operum
  • 1566 : Petrus Martinius Morentinus Navarrus, ed. et interpr., Juliani Imperatoris Misopogon et epistolae Graecé Latineque nunc primùm edita et illustrata. Parisiis: apud Andream Wechelum Textus apud Internet Archive
  • 1913-1923 : Wilmer Cave Wright, ed. et interpr., The Works of the Emperor Julian. 3 voll. Londinii: Heinemann (Loeb Classical Library) (Graece, Anglice) Vol. 1 2 3
Eruditio vetustior
  • G. Reinhardt, Der Perserkrieg des Kaisers Julian. Dessau, 1892
Eruditio recentior

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Iulianum principem spectant (Flavius Claudius Iulianus, Iulianus).


Antecessores:
Flavius Arbitio et Quintus Flavius Maesius Egnatius Lollianus
Consul
356
cum
Imp. Caes. Flavio Iulio Constantio Aug. VIII
Successores:
Imp. Caes. Flavius Iulius Constantius Aug. IX et Flavius Claudius Iulianus Caes. II
Antecessores:
Imp. Caes. Flavius Iulius Constantius Aug. VIII et Flavius Claudius Iulianus Caesar
Consul
357
cum
Imp. Caes. Flavio Iulio Constantio Aug. IX
Successores:
Censorius Datianus et Neratius Cerealis
Antecessores:
Flavius Eusebius et Flavius Hypatius
Consul
360
cum
Imp. Caes. Flavio Iulio Constantio Aug. X
Successores:
Flavius Taurus et Flavius Florentius
Antecessores:
Claudius Mamertinus et Flavius Nevitta
Consul
363
cum
Flavio Sallustio
Successores:
Imp. Caes. Flavius Iovianus Aug. et Flavius Varronianus
Imperatores Romani

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