ヒンドゥー教(ヒンドゥーきょう、ヒンドゥーイズム、英: Hinduism、ヒンディー語: हिन्दू धर्म、サンスクリット: सनातनधर्मः)、慣用表記でヒンズー教、ヒンヅー教、ヒンド教、ヒンドゥ教は、インドやネパールで多数派を占める民族宗教、またはインド的伝統を指す。西欧で作られた用語である[3]。ヒンドゥー教徒の数はインド国内で10億人、その他の国の信者を合わせると約11億人以上とされ、キリスト教、イスラム教に続いて、人口の上で世界で第3番目の宗教である[4][5]。
語源と名称
「ヒンドゥー」 Hindu の語源は、サンスクリットでインダス川を意味する sindhu に対応するペルシア語。「(ペルシアから見て)インダス川対岸に住む人々」の意味で用いられ[6]、西欧に伝わり、インドに逆輸入され定着した[3]。同じ語がギリシアを経由して西欧に伝わって India となり、こちらもインドに逆輸入されて定着した[3]。漢訳では「身毒」「印度」と表記され、唐代にインドへ旅した仏教僧玄奘による「印度」が定着している[3]。インドが植民地化された時代にイギリス領インド帝国を支配した大英帝国側が、インド土着の民族宗教を包括的に示す名称として採用したことから、この呼称が広まった。そのため、英語のHinduは、まずイスラム教徒(ムスリム)との対比において用いられるのが現在では一般的で、イスラム教徒以外で小宗派[注 1]を除いた、インドで5億人を超えるような多数派である、インド的な複数の有神教宗派の教徒の総称である[3]。
^
as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "a way of life" (Sharma 2003, pp. 12–13) etc. For a discussion on the topic, see:"Establishing the boundaries" in Flood 2008, pp. 1–17
^ abJulius J. Lipner(英語版) (2009), Hindus:Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-45677-7, page 8;Quote:"(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu."
^Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, ISBN 978-0123695031, Academic Press, 2008
^MK Gandhi, The Essence of Hinduism, Editor:VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3;According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."
^Rigveda is not only the oldest among the vedas, but is one of the earliest Indo-European texts.
^Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., ISBN 1-4051-3251-5, see Michael Witzel(英語版) quote on pages 68-69
^Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521438780, pages 35-39
^A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma:Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, ISBN 978-0595384556, pages 8-14;George M. Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195332612, page 285
^Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction - Google ブックス to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at pages 1-5;Quote - "The Vedas are divided in two parts, the first is the karma-kanda, the ceremonial part, also (called) purva-kanda, and treats on ceremonies;the second part is the jnana kanda, the part which contains knowledge, also named uttara-kanda or posterior part, and unfolds the knowledge of Brahma or the universal soul."
^Olivelle, Patrick (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-282292-6, Introduction chapter
^ abWendy Doniger (1990), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226618470, pages 2-3;Quote: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy;they alone of the Vedic corpus are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."
^Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors:Thomas P. Kasulis et al), State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791410806, page 39;Quote:"The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin, ISBN 978-1592578467, pages 208-210
^Patrick Olivelle(英語版) (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195352429, page 3;Quote:"Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".
^ abSandra Robinson (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism (Editors:Denise Cush et al), Routledge, ISBN 978-0700712670, pages 908-912
^ abKaren-Marie Yust (2005), Sacred Celebrations, in Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality (Editor:Karen-Marie Yust), Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0742544635, page 234, see also Chapter 18
^ abSandra Robinson (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism (Editors:Denise Cush et al), Routledge, ISBN 978-0700712670, page 907
^Lynn Foulston and Stuart Abbott (2009), Hindu Goddesses:Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1902210438, page 155
^Dale Holberg et al (2000), Festival calendar of India, in Students' Britannica India, Volume 2, Encyclopedia Britannica (India), ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5, page 120, Quote: "Raksha Bandhan (also called Rakhi), when girls and women tie a rakhi (a symbolic thread) on their brothers' wrists and pray for their prosperity, happiness and goodwill. The brothers, in turn, give their sisters a token gift and promise protection."
^Jessica Frazier (2015), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1472511515, pages 255, 271-273
Harshananda, Swami (1989), A Bird's Eye View of the Vedas, in "Holy Scriptures:A Symposium on the Great Scriptures of the World" (2nd ed.), Mylapore: Sri Ramakrishna Math, ISBN81-7120-121-0
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