Ƹ

Ej réfléchi, ezh réfléchi
Ƹ ƹ
Ƹ ƹ
Graphies
Capitale Ƹ
Bas de casse ƹ
Utilisation
Phonèmes principaux [ʕ]

Ej réfléchi (capitale Ƹ, minuscule ƹ), aussi écrit ezh réfléchi, est une lettre qui est utilisée dans certaines transcription de l’écriture arabe et comme alternative à la lettre epsilon ‹ ɛ › dans l’écriture de certaines langues berbères. Elle fait aussi partie de l’alphabet oubykh proposé par Adam Dean.

Linguistique

La lettre ej réfléchi (‹ Ƹ › et ‹ ƹ ›) est utilisée pour représenter une consonne fricative pharyngale voisée [ʕ] par certains auteurs principalement dans les années 1950 et 1960, dont notamment J. R. Firth[1], et T. F. Mitchell[2], F. R. Palmer[3], suivant la pratique de l’époque[4]. Elle a aussi été utilisé comme tel en 1975 par Hilary Wise[5], en 1976 par Sidney Allen[6] ou par Hinds et Badawi dans les années 1980[7].

Sa forme proviendrait du ej réfléchi ‹ ʒ ›[8] ou d’un trois renversé ‹ ↋ › (cité comme symbole proposé dans les Principles de l’Association phonétique internationale de 1949), rappelant le forme du ʿayn ‹ ع › de l’alphabet arabe[4].

La lettre figure dans l’Alphabet africain de référence de Mann et Dalby de 1982[9].

Ulrich Seeger utilise la lettre avec la forme de ʿayn ‹ ع › (avec une majuscule plus grande que la minuscule), dans sa description de l’arabe parlée à Hébron[10].

La lettre est encore parfois utilisée plus récemment, par exemple par Arwa Abdulrasoul Salman dans un article sur l’arabe de Baghdad publié en 2021[11].

Représentations informatiques

Ej réfléchi peut être représenté avec les caractères Unicode suivants :

formes représentations chaînes
de caractères
points de code descriptions
capitale Ƹ ƸU+01B8 U+01B8 lettre majuscule latine ej réfléchi
minuscule ƹ ƹU+01B9 U+01B9 lettre minuscule latine ej réfléchi

Notes et références

  1. Firth 1948.
  2. Mitchell 1952 ; Mitchell 1953 ; Mitchell 1956 ; Mitchell 1960 ; Mitchell 1962
  3. Palmer 1955.
  4. a et b Pullum et Ladusaw 1996, p. 209.
  5. Wise 1975, p. xxii-xxvi.
  6. Allen 1976.
  7. Hinds et Badawi 1986.
  8. Pullum et Ladusaw 1996 appelle l’ej ‹ ʒ › « yogh ».
  9. Constable 2003.
  10. Seeger 1996.
  11. Salman 2021.

Sources

  • (en) « Ubykh language, alphabet and pronunciation », sur Omniglot.com
  • (en) Sidney Allen, « The PIE aspirates: phonetic and typological factors in reconstruction », dans Linguistic studies offered to Joseph Greenberg, vol. 2 : Phonology, Anma Libri, (lire en ligne)
  • Patrick Andries, La police OpenType Hapax Berbère, (lire en ligne)
  • (en) Peter Constable, « The “international niamey keyboard” Layout »,
  • (en) J. R. Firth, « Sounds and prosodies », Transactions of the Philological Society, vol. 47, no 1,‎ , p. 127–152 (DOI 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1948.tb00556.x)
  • (en) Martin Hinds et El-Said Badawi, A dictionary of Egyptian Arabic, Beirut, Librairie du Liban, (réimpr. 2009) (ISBN 978-9953-86-522-5 et 9953865221)
  • (en) Bruce Ingham, « Some characteristics of Meccan speech », Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 34, no 2,‎ , p. 273–297 (DOI 10.1017/s0041977x00129544, JSTOR 612692)
  • (en) International Phonetic Association, The principles of the International Phonetic Association, being a description of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the manner of using it, illustrated by texts in 51 languages, Londres, University College, Department of Phonetics,
  • (en) T. M. Johnstone, « A Definite Article in the Modern South Arabian Languages », Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 33, no 2,‎ , p. 295–307 (DOI 10.1017/S0041977X00103362, JSTOR 613006)
  • (en) T. M. Johnstone, « Dual Forms in Mehri and Ḥarsūsi », Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 33, no 3,‎ , p. 501–512 (DOI 10.1017/S0041977X00126539, JSTOR 614519)
  • (en) T. F. Mitchell, « The Active Participle in an Arabic Dialect of Cyrenaica », Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 14, no 1,‎ , p. 11–33 (DOI 10.1017/S0041977X00084160, JSTOR 608504)
  • (en) T. F. Mitchell, « Particle-Noun Complexes in a Berber Dialect (Zuara) », Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 15, no 2,‎ , p. 375–390 (DOI 10.1017/S0041977X00111152, JSTOR 608556)
  • (en) T. F. Mitchell, An introduction to Egyptian colloquial Arabic, Londres, Oxford University Press, (réimpr. 1978) (ISBN 0-19-815149-7 et 9780198151494)
  • (en) T. F. Mitchell, « Prominence and Syllabication in Arabic », Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 23, no 2,‎ , p. 369–389 (DOI 10.1017/S0041977X00149997, JSTOR 609703)
  • (en) T. F. Mitchell, Colloquial Arabic, Londres, Teach Yourself Books, (ISBN 0-340-05774-2, lire en ligne)
  • (en) F. R. Palmer, « The ‘Broken Plurals’ Of Tigrinya », Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 17, no 3,‎ 548-566 (DOI 10.1017/s0041977x00112455)
  • (en) Geoffrey K. Pullum et William A. Ladusaw, Phonetic Symbol Guide, Chicago ; London, The University of Chicago Press, , 320 p. (ISBN 0-226-68535-7, lire en ligne)
  • Arwa Abdulrasoul Salman, « The Phonological behaviour Of final consonant clusters in Baghdadi Arabic », Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology, vol. 18, no 1,‎ , p. 5177-5184 (ISSN 1567-214x, lire en ligne)
  • (de) Ulrich Seeger, Der arabische Dialekt von il-Xalīl (Hebron), Karlsruhe, (lire en ligne)
  • (en) Hilary Wise, A transformational grammar of spoken Egyptian Arabic, Oxford, Blackwell for the Philological Society, (lire en ligne)

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