剛開始時採用小麥麵筋蛋白進行水解,100克蛋白中含有30多克的麩胺酸鹽和麩胺醯胺。為了令生產滿足對MSG不斷增長的需求,研發了一種新的生產工藝:化學合成和發酵法。在20世紀50年代中期,作為原料的乙烯腈被用在MSG合成中。[18]當時,細菌發酵法來生產MSG,其工藝與酒、醋、酸乳,甚至巧克力類似。鈉通過中和步驟則在後期添加。在發酵過程中所選用的細菌(棒形菌)採用了從甜菜、甘蔗、木薯或糖蜜中所取得的氨和碳水化合物進行培養,把氨基酸分泌到發酵液中,從此處分離出L-麩胺酸鹽。Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd研製出第一種生產L-麩胺酸鹽的工業發酵方法。[19]如今,在MSG工業生產領域中,從糖到麩胺酸鹽的轉化率和生產率持續得到提高,從而能追上人類的需求。[13]經過過濾、濃縮、酸化和結晶這些過程,最終得出的產品便是纯水合麩胺酸鈉。其外觀為白色無味晶狀粉末,在溶液中會將其分解為麩胺酸根离子和鈉离子。該物溶於水的,但在常見的有機溶劑(如醚)中不易吸濕,基本上也不可溶解。[20]在一般情況下,MSG在常規的食品加工中都會保持穩定。在烹調過程中,MSG是不會分解的,但與其他氨基酸相似,如溫度非常高且存在糖的情況下,它有可能會發生褐變或美拉德反應。[11]
「MSG綜合症狀」起初稱為「中菜館綜合症」,最初来自1968年在美国《新英格兰医学杂志》上发表的一封署名Robert Ho Man Kwok的读者来信,其自称来到美国几年了,常去中餐馆吃饭,发现中餐馆大量使用味精造成多种症状。因为其名字很像来自香港的华裔移民,一些媒体称之为“華裔醫生郭浩民”[31]。郭氏認為這種症狀背後隱藏著許多原因,其中包括用酒烹調時所殘留的酒精、鈉成分或麩胺酸鈉調味品等。但經過那次後,麩胺酸鈉就成為大家關注的焦點,兼且與那些症狀再也脫不掉關係。然而,從未研究過酒或鹽成分所帶來的影響。[32]多年來,特異性症狀的清單就建立在這些迭事趣聞的基礎上。
然而据迈克尔·布兰丁(南非语:Michael Blanding)的报道,“華裔醫生郭浩民”子虚乌有,那封造成之后连锁反应的信其实来自两个美国年轻医生打赌能否在《新英格兰医学杂志》这样的严肃刊物上发表明显胡扯的文章。他们杜撰的醫生自称所在的医学机构the National Biomedical Research Foundation of Silver Spring根本不存在。其中一人在来信发表后多次联系《新英格兰医学杂志》告诉他们实情,但被拒绝接受。[33]
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^Shi, Z; Luscombe-Marsh, ND; Wittert, GA; Yuan, B; Dai, Y; Pan, X; Taylor, AW. Monosodium glutamate is not associated with obesity or a greater prevalence of weight gain over 5 years: Findings from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study of Chinese adults. The British journal of nutrition. 2010, 104 (3): 457?63. PMID 20370941. doi:10.1017/S0007114510000760.
^Nicholas bakalar. Nutrition: MSG Use Is Linked to Obesity. The New York Times. 2008-08-25 [2010-11-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-07). Consumption of monosodium glutamate, or MSG, the widely used food additive, may increase the likelihood of being overweight, a new study says.
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Stevenson, D. D. Monosodium glutamate and asthma. J. Nutr. 2000, 130 (4S Suppl): 1067S?1073S. PMID 10736384.
^Nicholas J. Maragakis, MD; Jeffrey D. Rothstein, MD, PhD. Glutamate Transporters in Neurologic Disease. Neurology. 2001;58:365-370. [2010-11-10]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-23). Glutamate is the primary excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the human brain. It is important in synaptic plasticity, learning, and development. Its activity at the synaptic cleft is carefully balanced by receptor inactivation and glutamate reuptake. When this balance is upset, excess glutamate can itself become neurotoxic. ... This overactivation leads to an enzymatic cascade of events ultimately resulting in cell death.请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ 45.045.1MSG In Food. Food Standards Code. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. [2010-05-17]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-28).
歐盟:Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives(「食品添加劑法規(EC)No 1333/2008」)
美國:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act(聯邦食品、藥品和化妝品法案)•FDA's Limits on Food Additives(食品添加劑用量限制)•Code of Federal Regulations(Title 21)(聯邦法規第21編(第170至199節))•公認安全