惑星の居住可能性は恒星の理解から始まる。地球のような天体は多数存在するかもしれないが、より大きな系自体が生命に適しているのかも重要である。SETIのプロジェクトフェニックス(英語版)の科学者マーガレット・ターンブル(英語版)とジル・ターター(英語版)は2002年、"HabCat(英語版)"(または"Catalogue of Habitable Stellar Systems"、居住可能な恒星系のカタログ)を作成した。このカタログは、12万個に及ぶ膨大な数のヒッパルコス星表の恒星から、1万7千個をコアグループ"HabStars"として抜き出したものである。そこで使われた選択基準は居住可能な惑星に必要な天体物理学的な要因を理解するための第一歩として丁度よいものになった[2]。
^近年では、特に、地球上のかつて生命に適さないと考えられていた環境で極限環境微生物が栄えているのが知られるようになってからは、単細胞生物は宇宙の中でありふれた存在であるかもしれない、という認識が少しずつ広まりつつある。複雑な多細胞の生命が発生する可能性については、まだ非常に多くの議論が残っている。ピーター・ウォード(英語版)とドナルド・ブラウンリー(英語版)のRare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universeでは、微生物は広範囲に存在するが複雑な生命はとても稀で、おそらく地球特有のものだろうと主張している。地球の歴史に関する現在の知識は、この理論を部分的に支持する。多細胞生物は、生命誕生後30億年以上たった先カンブリア時代の終り頃に現れたと信じられている。地球生命が長い間単細胞のままだったことは、複雑な生物への決定的な一歩は必然的に起こるものではない、ということを強調するものである。近年では、全地球規模の寒冷化が多細胞生物への進化のきっかけになったという説も有力視されつつある。
^Turnbull, Margaret C., and Jill C. Tarter. "Target selection for SETI: A catalog of nearby habitable stellar systems," The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 145: 181-198, March 2003. (LinkArchived 2006年11月9日, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) ). Habitability criteria defined—the foundational source for this article.
^Kasting, J.F.(英語版), D.C.B. Whittet, and W.R. Sheldon. "Ultraviolet radiation from F and K stars and implications for planetary habitability," Origins of Life, 27, 413-420, August 1997. (Link abstract on-line). Radiation by spectral type considered.
^Kasting, J.F., D.P. Whitmore, R.T. Reynolds. "Habitable Zones Around Main Sequence Stars," Icarus 101, 108-128, 1993. (LinkArchived 2009年3月18日, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) ). Detailed overview of habitable zone estimates.
^Williams, Darren M., James F. Kasting, and Richard A. Wade. "Habitable moons around extrasolar giant planets," Nature, 385, 234-236, January 1997. (Link abstract on-line). Habitability of moons within the HZ considered.
^G. W. Lockwood, et al. (May 2002). "Gauging the Sun: Comparative photometric and magnetic activity measurements of sunlike stars, 1984-2001" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 34: 651.
^Santos, Nuno C., Garik Israelian and Michel Mayor. "Confirming the Metal-Rich Nature of Stars with Giant Planets," Proceedings of 12th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and The Sun, University of Colorado, 2003. (Link (PDF) ). Metallicity and the occurrence of extra-solar planets.
^Laskar, J., F. Joutel and P. Robutel. "Stabilization of the earth's obliquity by the moon," Nature, 361, 615-617, July 1993. (Link abstract on-line). Necessity of Moon for stable obliquity considered.
^ abcdefRaymond et al. (2014). “Terrestrial Planet Formation at Home and Abroad”. Protostars and Planets VI (University of Arizona Press): p.595-618. Bibcode: 2014prpl.conf..595R.
^Wiegert, Paul A., and Matt J. Holman. "The stability of planets in the Alpha Centauri system," The Astronomical Journal vol. 113, no. 4, April 1997 (Link). Potentially stable orbits and habitable zones around Alpha Centauri A and B.
^Joshi, M.M., R. M. Haberle, and R. T. Reynolds. "Simulations of the Atmospheres of Synchronously Rotating Terrestrial Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs: Conditions for Atmospheric Collapse and the Implications for Habitability," Icarus, 129, 450–465, 1997 (Link (PDF) ). Analysis and modelling of atmospheric pressure on planets in Red Dwarf systems.
^Heath, Martin J., Laurance R. Doyle, Manoj M. Joshi, and Robert M. Haberle. "Habitability of Planets Around Red Dwarf Stars," Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, vol. 29, no. 4, 405-424, 1999 (Link (PDF) ). Water cycle, photosynthetic radiation, and the affect of flares on planets in Red Dwarf systems.
^Red, Willing and Able, www.kencroswell.com, published in New Scientist January 27, 2001.
^ abcHorner & Jones (2011). "Quantifying Jupiter's influence on the Earth's impact flux: Implications for planetary habitability". arXiv:1202.1314。 11th annual Australian Space Science Conference
^Lunine, Jonathon I. "The occurrence of Jovian planets and the habitability of planetary systems," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science vol. 98, no. 3, 809-814, January 30, 2001 (Link). The role of Jupiter in seeding the early Earth.
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