January 6 – The Siege of Salses ends almost six months after it had started on June 9, 1639, with the French defenders surrendering to the Spanish attackers.
June 13 – The eruption of the Mount Komagatake volcano takes place in Japan. Although the eruption causes few direct injuries, the heavy ashfall poisons local crops and causes the Kan'ei Great Famine that causes more than 50,000 deaths from starvation.
July–September
July 9 – John Punch, a servant of Virginia planterHugh Gwyn, is sentenced to a life of servitude after attempting to escape, making him the "first official slave in the English colonies" [2]
September 20 – The Siege of Turin ends in Italy after almost four months with a victory by French and Piedmontese after having started on May 22, and the city is recaptured from Spain.
The end of the Iberian Union of Spain and Portugal begins, as a revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie causes John IV of Portugal to be acclaimed as king, thus ending 60 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, and the rule of the House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty). The Spanish Habsburgs do not recognize Portugal's new dynasty, the House of Braganza, until the end of the Portuguese Restoration War in 1668.
March 7 – King Charles I of England decrees that all Roman Catholic priests must leave England by April 7 or face being arrested and treated as traitors.
The Siege of São Filipe begins in the Azores as the Portuguese Navy fights to drive the Spanish out. After almost 11 months, the Portuguese prevail on March 4, 1642.
April–June
April 7 – The deadline for Catholic priests to leave England expires. Among those who refuse to leave, Ambrose Barlow and William Ward become martyrs. Barlow surrenders on Easter Sunday, April 25, and is hanged on September 10; he will be canonized as a saint in 1970. Ward is caught on July 15 and executed on July 26.
April 21 – England's House of Commons votes 204 to 59 in favor of the conviction for treason and the execution of the Earl of Strafford, and the House of Lords acquiesces.[9] King Charles refuses to give the necessary royal assent.
May 7 – England's House of Lords votes, 51 to 9, in favor of the execution of the Earl of Strafford for treason. In fear for his own safety, King Charles I signs Strafford's death warrant on May 10.
May 11 – The Long Parliament in England passes the "Act against Dissolving Parliament without its own Consent".
May 24 – Providence Island in the Caribbean, settled by English Puritans and a haven for English pirates off the coast of modern-day Colombia, is captured in a joint operation of the Spanish Navy in an attack led by Don Francisco Díaz Pimienta, and the Portuguese Navy led by the Count of Castel-Melhor Sousa. The expedition takes 770 prisoners, 380 slaves and a fortune in plundered gold and silver.[11]
June 1 – In Paris, representatives of Portugal and France sign a treaty of alliance.
June 2 – Bavarian and Spanish troops capture the town of Bad Kreuznach during the Thirty Years' War, 17 months after it had been taken in a French and Saxon attack.
June 29 – The Battle of Wolfenbüttel takes place between a combined Swedish and French force against the Holy Roman Empire, with the Swedish-French Army driving back an Imperial assault.
In France, the siege of Bapaume ends with the surrender of the fortress by its Spanish occupiers.
September 23 – The English ship Merchant Royal sinks off Cornwall along with its cargo of 100,000 pounds (45,000 kg) of gold and 18 of its 58 crew. More than 380 years later, treasure seekers will still not have located the wreckage.[13]
October 23 – Irish Rebellion of 1641 breaks out: Irish Catholic gentry, chiefly in Ulster, revolt against the English administration and Scottish settlers in Ireland.
November 22 – By a vote of 159 to 148, the Long Parliament of England passes the Grand Remonstrance, with 204 specific objections to King Charles I's absolutist tendencies, and calling for the King to expel all Anglican bishops from the House of Lords.
December 1 – The English Parliament presents the Grand Remonstrance to King Charles, who makes no response to it until Parliament has the document published and released to the general public.
December 7 – The bill for the Militia Ordinance is introduced by Arthur Haselrig, an anti-monarchist member of the House of Commons, proposing for the first time to allow Parliament to appoint its own military commanders without royal approval. King Charles, concerned that the legislation would allow parliament to create its own army, orders Haselrig arrested for treason. Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance on March 15.
December 23 – King Charles replies to the Grand Remonstrance and refuses the demand for the removal of bishops from the House of Lords. Rioting breaks out in Westminster after the King's refusal is announced, and the 12 Anglican bishops stop attending meetings of the Lords.
December 27 – According to a journalist who witnesses the events, John Rushworth, the term "roundhead" is first used to describe supporters of the English Parliament who have challenged the authority of the monarchy. Rushworth writes later that during a riot on the 27th, one of the rioters, David Hide, draws his sword and, describing the short haircuts of the anti-monarchists, says that he would "cut the throat of those round-headed dogs that bawled against bishops."
December 30 – At the request of King Charles, John Williams, the Anglican Archbishop of York joins with 11 other bishops in disputing the legality of any legislation passed by the House of Lords during the time that the bishops were excluded. The House of Commons passes a resolution to have the 12 bishops arrested. King Charles, in turn, issues an order on January 3 to have five members of the House of Commons arrested for treason.
A massive epidemic breaks out in northern and central China, just three years before the fall of the Ming dynasty. It races south down along the Grand Canal of China and the densely populated settlements there, from the northern terminus at Beijing, to the fertile Jiangnan region. In some local areas and towns it wipes out 90% of the local populace.
February 18 – A group of Protestant English settlers in Ireland surrender to Irish authorities at Castlebar in County Mayo in hopes of having their lives spared, and are killed one week later on orders of Edmond Bourke.
February 20 – The Treaty of The Hague, between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal, is ratified by the Republic's States-General.
February 22 – The Italian opera Il palazzo incantato (The Enchanted Palace), by Luigi Rossi with libretto by Giulion Rospigliosi, is given its first performance.
March 1 – Georgeana, Massachusetts (now known as York, Maine) becomes the first incorporated city in the British colonies of North America.[17]
June 1 – The "Nineteen Propositions" are sent by the English House of Lords and House of Commons to King Charles I, asking the King to consent to parliamentary approval for the members of his privy council, his chief officers, and new seats created for the House of Lords, as well as regulating the education and choice of marital partners of the King's children, and barring Roman Catholics from the Lords.[19]
July 2 – Hundreds of sailors are killed when the French warship Galion de Guise and the Spanish galley Magdalena become entangled during the Battle of Barcelona. A French fireship attempts to burn the Magdalena and accidentally sets fire to the Galion de Guise, killing 500 of the 540 crew.[20]
July 10 – First English Civil War: Charles Ibesieges Hull, in an attempt to gain control of its arsenal. The siege lasts until July 27, with Charles's Royalist Army failing to take the city from the Parliamentarians commanded by Governor John Hotham and General John Meldrum.
July 12 – The English Parliament votes to raise its own Army, under the command of the Earl of Essex.
August 3 – A Dutch Navy fleet of 14 warships, led by Hendric Harouse, begins a campaign to drive Spaniards from the island of Formosa (now Taiwan) off of the coast of mainland China. After disembarking at Tamsui, the Dutch begin a siege of Fort Domingo, which falls on Saint Bartolomeo Day (August 24).[22]
September 8 – Thomas Granger is executed by hanging at Plymouth, Massachusetts, for confessing to numerous acts of bestiality.[23]
October–December
October 8 – 1642 Yellow River flood: Some 300,000 people die in the intentional breaking of the dams and dykes of the Yellow River, done either by the Ming dynasty defenders of Kaifeng to break the siege by the large Manchu dynasty rebel force of Li Zicheng.[24]
November 24 – Abel Tasman and his crew become the first Europeans to discover "Van Diemen's Land", now the Australian island and state of Tasmania, and the island is claimed for the Netherlands on December 3 at what is now Prince of Wales Bay.[26]
December 13 – Abel Tasman and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to sight New Zealand, arriving at its South Island. In a battle between the Europeans and the Island's Maori inhabitants, four crew members are killed.
December 21 – After routing Edward Ford's royalist troops at the Battle of Muster Green, William Waller follows Ford's retreating force to Chichester as the Parliamentarians besiege the city, which falls on December 29 after eight days. The inhabitants of Chichester agree to pay the Parliamentarians an additional month's pay to prevent the town from being plundered.[28]
Date unknown
The village of Bro (Broo), Sweden is granted city rights for the second time, and takes the name Kristinehamn (literally "Christina's port") after the then Swedish monarch, Queen Christina.
(17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.[30]
April 28 – Francisco de Lucena, former Portuguese Secretary of State, is beheaded after being convicted of treason.
May 14 – Louis XIV succeeds his father Louis XIII as King of France at age 4. His rule will last until his death at age 77 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history.
Dutch explorer Abel Tasman departs from Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Jakarta in Indonesia) on his second major expedition for the Dutch East India Company, to map the north coast of Australia. Tasman commands three ships, Limmen, Zeemeeuw and Braek, and returns to Batavia at the beginning of August with no major discoveries.
March 24 – Roger Williams is granted an official grant for his Rhode Island Colony from the Parliament of England, allowing the establishment of a general assembly.
April–June
April 18 – Opchanacanough leads the Powhatan Indians in an unsuccessful uprising against the English at Jamestown. Although 300 of the English colonists are slain, the settlers pursue Opchanacanough, who is imprisoned in Jamestown for the rest of his life.[38] This is the last such Indian rebellion in the region.
March 5 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Jankau: The armies of Sweden decisively defeat the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, in one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in southern Bohemia, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Prague.
March 31 – Fearing the spread of the Black Death (plague), Edinburgh Town Council prohibits all gatherings except weddings and funerals.
April 10 – Because of the plague, the Edinburgh town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be moved forward, so that students can leave the city (on November 19, teaching resumes in Linlithgow).
November 20 – The Colegio de Santo Tomas is elevated by Pope Innocent X into the University of Santo Tomas, in his brief In Supreminenti. It has the oldest extant University Charter in the Philippines, as well as the whole of Asia.
January 19 – Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet, a Royalist fighting for Prince Charles against Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth, is imprisoned for insubordination after proposing to make Cornwall self-governing in order to win Cornish support for the Royalists. After being incarcerated at the tidal island of St Michael's Mount off of the coast of Cornwall, he is allowed to escape in March to avoid capture by Cromwell's troops.
January 20 – Francesco Molin is elected as the 99th Doge of Venice after 23 ballots, and governs the Venetian Republic for nine years until his death in 1655.
July 7 – The populist political movement called the Levellers appears in England with the publication of the Levellers manifesto, A Remonstrance of Many Thousand Citizens by Richard Overton and William Walwyn.[51]
July 12 – Lightning strikes the gunpowder tower of the castle of Bredevoort in the Netherlands, causing an explosion that destroys parts of the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who is not home that day, survives.[52]
The Westminster Assembly of Divines, meeting in London, approves a resolution to begin the drawing up of the Westminster Confession of Faith, declaring that "These heads of Faith, Repentance, and Good Works shall be referred to the three Committees in their order to prepare something upon them for the Confession of Faith.";[53] the draft is printed and sent to the Parliament of England in December.
January 2 – Chinese bandit leader Zhang Xianzhong, who has ruled the Sichuan province since 1644, is killed at Xichong by a Qing archer, after having been betrayed by one of his officers, Liu Jinzhong. [57]
March – Following the Treaty of Ulm that removed Bavaria from the Thirty Years War, the Bavarian troops' commander, Holy Roman Imperial General Johann von Werth, defies Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and von Werth attempts to move the Bavarian troops out of Bavaria and into Austria to come under Imperial jurisdiction. The troops refuse, and von Werth flees to Austria. [63]
June 6 – Michael Jones, named Governor of Dublin by England's Parliamentarians, lands with 2,000 troops and begins the expulsion of Catholics and the arrest of Protestant royalists.
June 8 – The Puritan rulers of England's Long Parliament pass the "Ordinance for abolishing all Holidays, and appointing other Days for Sports and Recreations for Scholars, Apprentices, and Servants, in their Room", confirming abolition of the feasts of Christmas, Easter and Whitsun, though making the second Tuesday in each month a secular holiday. The Act declares "Forasmuch as the Feasts of the Nativity of Christ, Easter, and Whitsuntide, and other Festivals, commonly called Holidays, have heretofore been superstitiously used and observed; be it ordained, That the said Feasts and Festivals be no loner observed within England and Wales." [65][66]
June 10 – The Battle of Puerto de Cavite begins in the Spanish Philippines when an armada of 12 large warships from the Dutch Republic sails into Manila Bay, with cannon fire hitting many of the roofs of the city. The Spanish defending fleet drives off the Dutch after a two day battle.
June 19 – The Duke of Ormond, the royalist governor of Dublin, concludes a treaty with the English Commonwealth's Earl of Anglesey, handing over control of Dublin to the Commonwealth in return for the English promise to protect the interests of royalists, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, who had not joined in the Irish Rebellion.
June 25 – The "Remonstrance of The Army" is presented to the English parliament by former Royal Army supporters of King Charles I, pledging their loyalty to the new English Commonwealth.
July 27 – A mob invades both Houses of the English Parliament at Westminster, and forces the Speakers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to flee, along with other MPs and Peers. [67]
August 5 – The New Model Army marches into London, "fulfilling the worst nightmares of Presbyterian MPs," and restores the members of Parliament who were deposed on July 27. [67]
September 27 – The Dutch merchant ship Princess Amelia runs aground off of the coast of Mumbles Point, Wales and sinks, killing 86 of the 107 people aboard, including former New Netherlands Governor Willem Kieft.
October–December
October 28 – The Putney Debates, a series of discussions between officers of the New Model Army following Parliament's military defeat of the absolutist monarchy of King Charles, begin at the St. Mary's Church, Putney about what form of government would replace the monarchy in the new republican Commonwealth of England.
Aberystwyth Castle in Wales, a former Royalist stronghold, is razed to the ground after "a battery of cannon erected on the top of Pendinas hill by Cromwell" and the Parliamentarian troops. [69]
Manchu invaders of China's Fujian province capture Spanish Dominican priest Francisco Fernández de Capillas, torture him and then behead him. Capillas will be canonized more than 350 years later in 2000 in the Roman Catholic Church as one of the Martyr Saints of China.
February 11 – England's parliament passes stricter laws against performance of stage plays, providing for demolition of seats in theatres, imprisonment for actors and fines for spectators.[72] The vote comes six days after the King's Men Players are arrested at the Cockpit Theatre during an illegal performance of Rollo Duke of Normandy.
February 28 – King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway dies after a reign of almost 60 years without having named a successor. The Rigsraadet (Royal Council) and the Estates of the Realm will debate the matter for more than four months before deciding on July 6 to select Christian's oldest surviving son to become King Frederick III.
March 31 – A major earthquake strikes Van in Ottoman Armenia.[73]
May 12 – Construction of the Kaunghmudaw Pagoda is completed in the Kingdom of Burma on the 6th waning of Kason, 1010, near the end of the reign of King Thalun. Hmannan Yazawin[74]
May 15 – The Peace of Münster is ratified by both the United Netherlands and the Spanish Empire.
May 16 – England's Commonwealth Army massacres 70 Cornish royalists at Penzance, leading to a rebellion against England's Parliamentarians.
June 1 – The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.
June 20 – Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnyov departs from Srednekolymsk to begin the first recorded voyage through the Bering Strait, between Asia and North America, and arrives in September.[75]
July–September
July 19 – The last major battle of the Thirty Years' War, the Battle of Prague ends in a Swedish victory after three days of fighting over the army of Bohemia. The troops loot the Prague Castle and steal many of Bohemia's most valuable artifacts.
January 29 – Serfdom in Russia begins legally as the Sobornoye Ulozheniye (Соборное уложение, "Code of Law") is signed by members of the Zemsky Sobor, the parliament of the estates of the realm in the Tsardom of Russia. Slaves and free peasants are consolidated by law into the new hereditary class of "serfs", and the Russian nobility are given the exclusive privilege of owning the serfs.
February 5 – In Edinburgh, the Scottish Parliament declares Prince Charles, son of the recently executed King Charles I, as King Charles II of Scotland. Prince Charles, at the time, is at sea in charge of royalist forces fighting to drive Oliver Cromwell from the British Isles. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.[82]
February 7 – The English Parliament rejects a proposal to continue the English monarchy after Oliver Cromwell makes clear that he does not wish to be crowned as King of England. [83]
March 4 – The first ever set of rules and regulations for England's Parliamentary Navy, Robert Blake's The Laws of War and Ordinances of the Sea, is adopted by the House of Commons,[84] and Blake is promoted to the position of General at Sea of the English fleet.[85]
March 16 – An over 1,000 strong war party of Haudenosaunee Iroquois invade and burn the Huron mission villages of St. Ignace and St. Louis in present-day Simcoe County, Ontario, killing about 300 people.
The English Parliament, having voted February 7 against a proposal to continue the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell, passes the "Act Abolishing the Kingship" with the goal of creating a republic under a Lord Protector selected by an elected Parliament. [83]
French colonists from Martinique, led by former Martinique Governor Jacques Dyel du Parquet, land at St. Georges Harbour on the island of Grenada for the founding of Fort Annunciation. The fort is soon abandoned and the colonists cross the harbour for the founding of Fort Royal which eventually becomes the city of St. George's, Grenada[88]
The Sumuroy Revolt begins in Northern Samar as Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rebel against the polo y servicio (forced labor system).
July–September
July 5 – After news reaches the Western Hemisphere that King Charles I has been deposed and executed, the English colonial government of the Somers Isles, now called Bermuda, proclaims its recognition of Charles II as the rightful ruler of the islands. [90]
July 27 – The Commonwealth of England Parliament passes the "Act for the promoting and propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England" to create the "Company for Propagation of the Gospel in New England and the parts adjacent in America" for Christian missionary ministries to Native American tribes. The New England Company will continue to operate more than three and a half centuries later. [91]
July 31 – Ukrainian Cossack troops under the command of Mykhailo Krychevsky and Stepan Pobodailo are overwhelmed in the Battle of Loyew (in what is now Belarus) by a smaller force of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth soldiers led by Lithuania's Janusz Radziwiłł, with the Cossacks losing more than 3,000 fighters. Krychevsky is mortally wounded and dies on August 3.
August 26 – After his "True Levellers", commonly called "The Diggers", abandon their last major colony at St. George's Hill at Weybridge in England, their leader, Gerrard Winstanley, publishes the pamphlet "A Watch-Word to The City of London, and the Armie", recounting the experience. [92]
October 11 – The Sack of Wexford in Ireland ends after having started on October 2, with Cromwell's New Model Army breaking through, killing more than 1,500 Irish Catholic defenders and civilians, while losing only 20 of the English soldiers. The capture of Wexford ends the remaining chance that Charles II, heir to the English throne, can land troops in Ireland, and Charles and the royalist fleet flee to Portugal.
November 24 – The first phase of the Siege of Waterford begins as Cromwell's New Model Army attempts to take on the strategically-located Irish city's defenders with his own exhausted army. Cromwell is forced to call off the siege after eight days and his army retreats to its winter quarters at Dungarvan on December 2.
December 6 – The Scottish defenders of Ireland are defeated by Cromwell's forces in the Battle of Lisnagarvey in County Antrim, with 1,500 Scots killed or captured, and New Model Army battalion of Colonel Robert Venables suffering minimal losses. The battle ends the Scottish presence in Ireland and settlers are expelled from the island in the days that follow.
December 20 – The Puritan law enforcers of the Commonwealth of England raid the Red Bull Theatre in London for violations of the laws against performance of plays and arrest the actors, as well as confiscating their property.
December 30 – Chinese General Geng Zhongming, having reported to the Qing dynasty commanders to face charges of harboring runaway slaves during his fight against the Southern Ming dynasty troops, commits suicide while waiting for a verdict in his court-martial. (1943). [93] His son, Geng Jimao, continues to fight against the Southern Ming.
^Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique 1629-1643: A Translation of the Itinerario de Las Missiones Orientales, Volume I: Arakan (Taylor & Francis, 2017)
^Elliott Horowitz (1989). "Coffee, Coffeehouses, and the Nocturnal Rituals of Early Modern Jewry". AJS Review. 14 (1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for Jewish Studies: 38. JSTOR1486283.
^Fritze, Ronald (1996). Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 311. ISBN9780313283918.
^David L. Smith, The Stuart Parliaments 1603–1689 (Arnold Press, 1999) p. 123
^Roger Coindreau, Les corsaires de Salé (Eddif, 2006) p. 52
^Jon Latimer, Buccaneers of the Caribbean: How Piracy Forged an Empire (Harvard University Press, 2009) p.84.
^Field, John (2011). The Story of Parliament in the Palace of Westminster (2nd ed.). London: James & James. pp. 107–108. ISBN9780907383871.
^Coolidge, Austin J.; John B. Mansfield (1859). A History and Description of New England. Boston, Massachusetts: A.J. Coolidge. pp. 369–372. coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859.
^"Committee of Safety", in The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660, by Stephen C. Manganiello (Scarecrow Press, 2004) p.125
^James W. Davidson, The Island of Formosa: Historical View from 1430 to 1900 (Macmillian, 1903) p.22
^John W. Dardess, Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) p. 132
^John Grehan and Martin Mace, Battleground Sussex: A Military History of Sussex from the Iron Age to the Present Day (Pen & Sword, 2012) pp. 86-87
^"Tasman, Abel", by Carl Waldman, in Biographical Dictionary of Explorers, ed. by Alan Wexler and Jon Cunningham (Infobase Publishing, 2019) p. 798
^"Abatai", by L. Carrington Goodrich, in Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, 1644-1912, by Arthur W. Hummel (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943) pp. 3-4
^James Dallaway, A History of the Western Division of the County of Sussex (T. Bensley, 1815) pp.13-14
^ abBaker, Christopher (2002). Absolutism and the scientific revolution, 1600-1720 : a biographical dictionary. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 370. ISBN9780313308277.
^"Christmas Island history". Australian Government, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. November 2, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
^Braddick, Michael J. (2015). The Oxford handbook of the English revolution. Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN9780199695898.
^Coward, Barry (1994). The Stuart age: England, 1603-1714. London New York: Longman. p. 223. ISBN9780582067226.
^Edward S. Ellis, et al., The People's History of the World; Including Two Volumes on the Races of Mankind, Volume 5: United States (Chicago: The History Publishing Association, 1902) p. 127 ("The second outbreak occurred April 18th, 1644... Opechankano was taken prisoner, and died in Jamestown while a captive")
^"Rupert, Prince", by Charles Harding Firth, in The Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 17 (Oxford University Press, 1922) p. 408 ("Rupert returned to Wales.. Defeating the parliamentarians at Stockport, he forced his way into Lancashire, stormed Bolton on 28 May, and captured Liverpool on 11 June", quoting Ormerod, Civil War Tracts of Lancashire, p. 187)
^Levene, Mark (1999). The massacre in history. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 93. ISBN9781571819345.
^Jeremy Black (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
^Levillain, Philippe (2002). The papacy : an encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. p. 801. ISBN9780415922289.
^Black, Jeremy (1997). A History of the British Isles. London: Macmillan Education UK Imprint Palgrave. p. 28. ISBN9781349260065.
^ abcMorrill, J. S. (1996). The Oxford illustrated history of Tudor & Stuart Britain. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 372. ISBN9780198203254.
^Edgar, F. T. R. (1968). Sir Ralph Hopton: the King's man in the West (1642-1652): a study in character and command. Oxford: Clarendon P. p. 183. ISBN9780198213727.
^"The Making of the Westminster Confession, and Especially of Its Chapter on the Decree of God", The Presbyterian and Reformed Review (April 1901) p. 253
^Manganiello, Stephen (2004). The concise encyclopedia of the revolutions and wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. p. 450. ISBN9780810851009.
^ abM. A. Richardson, The Local Historian's Table Book of Remarkable Occurrences... Connected with the Counties of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland, and Durham (M. A. Richardson, 1841) p. 277
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 181–182. ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^"The Culmination of a Chinese Peasant Rebellion: Chang Hsien-chung in Szechwan, 1644–46", by James B. Parsons, The Journal of Asian Studies (May 1957) p. 399
^The Work of the Westminster Assembly John Murray, (The Presbyterian Guardian 1942)
^History of the Great Civil War vol. iii, S.R. Gardiner (London 1889)
^ Frederic Wakeman, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China (University of California Press, 1985) p. 738
^Wyndham Sydney Boundy, Bushell and Harman of Lundy (Gazette Printing Service, 1961)
^Sir Edward Cust, Lives of the Warriors of the Thirty Years' War: Warriors of the 17th Century (John Murray Publishing, 1865) pp. 457-458
^Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Scotland 1644–1651, David Stevenson (Newton Abbott 1977)
^ abGary S. De Krey, Following the Levellers: Political and Religious Radicals in the English Civil War and Revolution, 1645–1649 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018) p. 114
^ "Stuyvesant, Petrus", by Bruce Vandervort, The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, ed. by Spencer Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p. 767 had arrived on May 11.
^The New Aberystwyth Guide, by T. J. Llewelyn Prichard (Lewis Jones, Bookseller, 1824) p. 28
^Major-General Sir John Henry Lefroy, Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515-1685 (Bermuda Historical Society, 1877, reprinted by University of Toronto Press, 1981)
^Winstanley 'The Law of Freedom' and Other Writings, ed. by Christopher Hill (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p. 72
^"Kêng Chung-ming", by George A. Kennedy, in Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, ed. by Arthur W. Hummel Sr. (United States Government Printing Office, 1943) p. 417
^The Finnish article says that the town had existed as Koppöstad since the 13th century and that it was renamed by Governor-General Brahe on March 1, 1651
^MacLeod, Catharine (2001). Painted ladies : women at the court of Charles II. London: National Portrait Gallery. ISBN9781855143210.
^Eduardo, Leigh (2005). Mistresses : true stories of seduction, power and ambition. London: Michael O'Mara. p. 46. ISBN9781843171416.
^Greene, David (1985). Greene's biographical encyclopedia of composers. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. p. 154. ISBN9780385142786.
^Brackenridge, J (1995). The key to Newton's dynamics : the Kepler problem and the Principia : containing an English translation of sections 1, 2, and 3 of book one from the first (1687) edition of Newton's Mathematical principles of natural philosophy. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 40. ISBN9780520916852.
^Walle, Willy (2003). The history of the relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing era (1644-1911. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press Ferdinand Verbiest Foundation. p. 90. ISBN9789058673152.
^Dumas, Alexandre (1998). The Vicomte de Bragelonne. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 674. ISBN9780192834638.
^Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A–F. Pietà: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. p. 756. ISBN9789993291329.
^Fetis, FirstName (2013). Anthony Stradivari the Celebrated Violin Maker. Newburyport: Dover Publications. p. x. ISBN9780486316529.
^Wrenn, Dorothy (1975). Shropshire history makers. Wakefield: EP Pub. p. 14. ISBN9780715810965.
^Carty, Anthony (2018). Morality and responsibility of rulers : European and Chinese origins of a rule of law as justice for world order. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN9780199670055.
^Michael Morris (1948). Sir Godfrey Kneller and His Times, 1646-1723: Being a Review of English Portraiture of the Period. Batsford. p. 1.
^Jay, Betty (2000). Anne Bronte. Devon: Northcote House Pub. p. 9. ISBN9780746308882.
^"Anthony van Dyck". Netherlands Institute of Art. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
^Scheck, Florian (1999). Mechanics : from Newton's laws to deterministic chaos. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 517. ISBN9783540655589.
^Shuckburgh, Evelyn (2015). Two biographies of William Bedell : with a selection of his letters and an unpublished treatise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN9781107463905.
^Harnsberger, L. C. (1996). Essential Dictionary of Music : the Most Practical and Useful Music Dictionary for Students and Professionals. Los Angeles, CA: Alfred Music. p. 190. ISBN9781457410697.
^Monteverdi, Claudio (1980). The letters of Claudio Monteverdi. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 422. ISBN9780521235914.
^Manganiello, Stephen (2004). The concise encyclopedia of the revolutions and wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. p. 448. ISBN9780810851009.
^Baker, Christopher (2002). Absolutism and the scientific revolution, 1600-1720 : a biographical dictionary. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 382. ISBN9780313308277.
^John Evelyn (2000). The Diary of John Evelyn: 1620-1649. Clarendon Press. p. 379.
^Venning, Timothy (2005). Compendium of British office holders. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 118. ISBN9780230505872.
^Baker, Christopher (2002). Absolutism and the scientific revolution, 1600-1720 : a biographical dictionary. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 313. ISBN9780313308277.
^Archaeologia Cambrensis: the journal of the Cambrian Archaeological Association. Cambrian Archaeological Association. 1859. p. 72.
^Quevedo, FirstName (2009). Selected poetry of Francisco de Quevedo : a bilingual edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 15. ISBN9780226698915.
^The Downside Review, Volumes 47–48. Downside Abbey. 1978. p. 2.
^Vernon F. Snow (1970). Essex the rebel; the life of Robert Devereux, the third Earl of Essex, 1591-1646. University of Nebraska Press. p. 487.
^Paul E. Eisler (1972). World Chronology of Music History: 1594-1684. Oceana Publications. p. 316.
^Montias, John (2002). Art at auction in 17th century Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 217. ISBN9789053565919.
Kelli BerglundBerglund at the Captain America: Civil War premiere in 2016Lahir9 Februari 1996 (umur 28)Moorpark, California, U.S.PekerjaanActressmodelsingerTahun aktif2006–present Kelli Berglund (lahir 9 Februari 1996[1][2]) adalah aktris, model, dan penyanyi berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat.[3] Namanya mulai dikenal secara luas saat memerankan sebagai Bree Davenport, sebuah serial film drama biopik remaja produksi Disney XD berjudul Lab Rats,[4][...
Provinsi Tra Vinh merupakan sebuah provinsi di Vietnam. Provinsi ini terletak di bagian selatan di negara itu. Provinsi ini memiliki luas wilayah 2.215 km² dengan memiliki jumlah penduduk 1.015.800 jiwa (2004). Provinsi ini memiliki angka kepadatan penduduk 458 jiwa/km². Ibu kotanya ialah Tra Vinh. Pranala luar Situs resmi Diarsipkan 2010-07-22 di Wayback Machine. lbsPembagian administratif Vietnam Wilayah di Vietnam Tay Bac · Delta Sungai Merah · Bac Trung Bo...
Bioregion in the Northern Territory, Australia Daly BasinNorthern TerritoryThe interim Australian bioregions,with the Daly Basin in redArea20,922 km2 (8,078.0 sq mi) Localities around Daly Basin: Darwin Coastal Darwin Coastal Arnhem Plateau Victoria Bonaparte Daly Basin Central Arnhem Ord Victoria Plain Sturt Plateau Gulf Fall and Upland The Daly Basin, an interim Australian bioregion, is located in the Northern Territory,[1][2] comprising an area of 2,092,229 h...
Thai football club Not to be confused with Pattaya United F.C. or BFB Pattaya City F.C.. This article is about the club that existed under this name until 2018. For the relocated and renamed club, see Samut Prakan City F.C. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Pattaya United F.C. 2008 – news · newspapers ...
Academic title at universities and other educational institutions For the broader American term for academic employees, see Faculty (academic staff). For other uses, see Professor (disambiguation). ProfessorAlbert Einstein as a professorOccupationNamesProfessorOccupation typeEducation, research, teachingActivity sectorsAcademicsDescriptionCompetenciesAcademic knowledge, research, writing journal articles or book chapters, teachingEducation requiredMaster's degree, doctoral degree (e.g., PhD),...
Prix Sakharov Cérémonie de remise du prix Sakharov à Denis Mukwege à Strasbourg le 26 novembre 2014. Nom original Prix Sakharov pour la liberté de l'esprit Description Prix récompensant des individus ou des organisations qui ont œuvré pour les droits de l'homme et la liberté d'opinion Organisateur Parlement européen Date de création 1988 Dernier récipiendaire Mahsa Amini Site officiel europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize modifier Le prix Sakharov pour la liberté de l'esprit (o...
Diagram[pranala nonaktif permanen] dari sebuah kromosom eukariota selama metafase setelah mengalami replikasi dan kondensasi (pemadatan). (1) Kromatid — salah satu dari dua bagian identik dari kromosom setelah fase S. (2) Sentromer — titik dua kromatid bersentuhan. (3) Lengan pendek (p). (4) Lengan panjang (q).Bagian dari seriGenetika Komponen penting Kromosom DNA RNA Genom Pewarisan Mutasi Nukleotida Variasi Garis besar Indeks Sejarah dan topik Pengantar Sejarah ...
Former Prime Minister of Nepal Marich Man Singh Shresthaमरिचमान सिंह श्रेष्ठ28th Prime Minister of NepalIn office15 June 1986 – 6 April 1990MonarchKing BirendraPreceded byNagendra Prasad RijalSucceeded byLokendra Bahadur Chand Personal detailsBorn(1942-01-01)1 January 1942Khalanga Bazar, Salyan District, NepalDied15 August 2013(2013-08-15) (aged 71)Kathmandu, NepalPolitical partyIndependentSpouseBishnu Devi ShresthaChildrenAnil, Sanjaya, Ras...
Liberal interventionist The term liberal hawk refers to a politically liberal person (generally, in the American sense of the term) who supports a hawkish, interventionist foreign policy. Overview Past U.S. presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson have been described as liberal hawks for their roles in bringing about America's status as the world's premier military power. The Clinton Doctrine can also be considered as consistent with this vision...
Премія Гільдії кіноакторів США за найкращу чоловічу роль Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading RoleПрисуджується за Найкраща чоловіча рольЗасновник(и) SAG-AFTRAКраїна СШАРік заснування 1995Президент Габрієль КартерісПоточний лауреат Вілл Сміт за «Король Річард» (202...
هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها.Learn how and when to remove this message شارع الوكالات شارع الوكالات ، شارع جميل مخصص للمشاة يقع في الصويفية جنوب غرب العاصمة عمان يحوي على العديد من المقاهي والمطاعم والبوتيكات.[1] يمارس ا...
List of U.S. cities with large Black populations This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of U.S. cities with large Black populations – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Proportion of Black Americans in each county of the fifty st...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (فبراير 2019) شريان بيرشيرون تفاصيل يتفرع من شريان مخي خلفي [عدل في ويكي بيانات ] تعديل مصدري - تعديل شريان بيرشيرون (بالإنجليزية: Artery of Percheron) هو شريان يتفرع...
German literary scholar (1912–1999) André von GronickaBorn25 May 1912Moscow, RussiaDied23 November 1999 (aged 87)Manahawkin, NJ.NationalityRussianCitizenshipAmericanAcademic backgroundAlma mater University of Rochester (BA, MA) Columbia University (PhD) Doctoral advisorRobert Herndon Fife, Jr.Academic workDiscipline Germanic studies Slavic studies Comparative literature Institutions University of Chicago Columbia University University of Pennsylvania Main interests Interconnections of Russ...
Sierra Leonean footballer Not to be confused with Amadou Bagayoko. Amadou Bakayoko Bakayoko training with Dundee in 2023Personal informationFull name Amadou Bakayoko[1]Date of birth (1996-01-01) 1 January 1996 (age 28)[2]Place of birth Kenema, Sierra LeoneHeight 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)[2]Position(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team Forest Green RoversNumber 21Youth career0000–2013 WalsallSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2013–2018 Walsall 93 (9)2...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir CRR et Commission des recours des réfugiés. Cour nationale du droit d'asileLogo de la Cour.HistoireFondation 1952CadreType TribunalPays FranceOrganisationPrésident Mathieu Hérondart (d) (depuis 2022)Site web www.cnda.frmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata La Cour nationale du droit d'asile (CNDA) est une juridiction française de l'ordre administratif. Elle est créée en 1952 et porte alors le nom de Commission des recours des réfugié...
1983 studio album by Paul YoungNo ParlezVinyl editionStudio album by Paul YoungReleased22 July 1983[1]Recorded1982–1983StudioThe Workhouse, LondonGenrePopsoulnew waveLength51:04 (LP) 64:32 (CD)LabelCBSProducerLaurie LathamPaul Young chronology No Parlez(1983) The Secret of Association(1985) Paul Young chronology The Essential Paul Young(2003) No Parlez (25th anniversary edition)(2008) Singles from No Parlez Iron Out the Rough SpotsReleased: 8 October 1982 Love of the Common...
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (March 2009) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Vietnamese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English ...
Questa voce sugli argomenti circondari della Germania e Sassonia-Anhalt è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Circondario di Weißenfelscircondario(DE) Landkreis Weißenfels LocalizzazioneStato Germania Land Sassonia-Anhalt DistrettoNon presente AmministrazioneCapoluogoWeißenfels TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo51°12′N 11°58′E51°12′N, 11°58′E (Circondario di Weißenfels) Abitanti41 604 (31-12-2006) Altre in...
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
,_engraving_by_G%C3%A9rard_Edelinck.jpg)
_2.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
