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Nehemiah Grew
Nehemiah Grew
	Nehemiah Grew
Born	26 September 1641; Mancetter Parish, Warwickshire
Died	25 March 1712 (aged 70); London
Nationality	English
Alma mater	Leiden University
	Scientific career
Fields	Physiology

Nehemiah Grew (26 September 1641 – 25 March 1712) was an English plant anatomist and physiologist, known as the "Father of Plant Anatomy".

Biography

Grew was the only son of Obadiah Grew (1607–1688), Nonconformist divine and vicar of St Michaels, Coventry, and was born in Warwickshire. He graduated at Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1661,^[1] and ten years later took the degree of MD at Leiden University, his thesis being Disputatio medico-physica de liquore nervoso. He began observations on the anatomy of plants in 1664, and in 1670 his essay, The Anatomy of Vegetables begun, was communicated to the Royal Society by Bishop Wilkins, on whose recommendation he was in the following year elected a fellow. In 1672, when the essay was published, he settled in London, and soon acquired an extensive practice as a physician. In 1673 he published his Idea of a Phytological History, which consisted of papers he had communicated to the Royal Society in the preceding year, and in 1677 he succeeded Henry Oldenburg as secretary of the society. He edited the Philosophical Transactions in 1678–1679, and in 1681 he published by request a descriptive catalogue of the rarities preserved at Gresham College, with which were printed some papers he had read to the Royal Society on the Comparative Anatomy of Stomachs and Guts.

In 1682 appeared his great work on the Anatomy of Plants, which also was largely a collection of previous publications. It was divided into four books, Anatomy of Vegetables begun, Anatomy of Roots, Anatomy of Trunks and Anatomy of Leaves, Flowers, Fruits and Seeds, and was illustrated with eighty-two plates, while appended to it were seven papers mostly of a chemical character. The Anatomy is especially notable for its descriptions of plant structure. He described nearly all the key differences of morphology of stem and root, showed that the flowers of the Asteraceae are built of multiple units, and correctly hypothesized that stamens are male organs. Anatomy of Plants also contains the first known microscopic description of pollen.

Much of Grew's pioneering work with the microscope was contemporary with that of Marcello Malpighi (b.1628-d.1694), and the two reportedly borrowed freely from one another. Grew's work on pollen was more extensive than that of Malpighi, leading to the discovery that although all pollen is roughly globular, size and shape is different between species; however, pollen grains within a species are all alike. This discovery is central to the field of palynology.^[2]

Among his other publications were Seawater made Fresh (1684), the Nature and Use of the Salt contained in Epsom and such other Waters (1697), which was a rendering of his Tractatus de salis (1693), and Cosmologia Sacra (1701).

Linnaeus named a genus of trees Grewia in his honour.

At Pembroke there is a stained-glass representation of a page of his work in the college's Library.

Grew is also considered to be one of the pioneers of dactyloscopy. He was the first person to study and describe ridges, furrows, and pores on hand and foot surfaces. In 1684, he published accurate drawings of finger ridge patterns.^[3]

Works

Grew, Nehemiah (1679). Anatomy of plants (in French). Paris: Antoine Dezallier.
Grew, Nehemiah (1681). Musaeum Regalis Societatis. London: William Rawlins.

Notes

^ "Nehemiah Grew (GRW658N)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Manten, A.A. (1967). "Lennart von post and the foundation of modern palynology". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 1 (1–4): 11–22. Bibcode:1967RPaPa...1...11M. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(67)90105-4. hdl:1874/15873. S2CID 53000751.
^ Nehemiah Grew, "The description and use of the pores in the skin of the hands and feet," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 14, pp. 566–567 (1684).

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grew, Nehemiah". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Isely, Duane (2002). One Hundred and One Botanists. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-1-55753-283-1. OCLC 947193619.
Lee, H.C.; Gaensslen, R.E. (1991). Advances in fingerprint technology. CRC series in forensic and police science. CRC Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8493-9513-0.
Sakula, A (1984). Doctor Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and the Epsom salts. Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). Vol. 19. pp. 1–21. PMID 6085985.
Hunter, M (February 1982). "Early problems in professionalizing scientific research: Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and the Royal Society with an unpublished letter to Henry Oldenburg". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 36 (2): 189–209. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1982.0011. PMID 11615876. S2CID 44732364.
LeFanu, William R. (30 December 1971). "The versatile Nehemiah Grew". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 115 (6): 502–6. PMID 11615545.