瑞典藥劑師卡爾·威廉·舍勒在1771至1772年間最早發現氧。他對氧化汞和不同硝酸鹽一同加熱,產生出氧氣。[18][7][13]舍勒把這種氣體產物稱為「火之氣」,因為它能支持燃燒過程。手稿《論空氣與火的化學》(德語:Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer)記錄了這項發現,1775年寄往出版商,1777年出版。[19]
1774年8月1日,英國教士約瑟夫·普利斯特里把陽光聚焦到裝有氧化汞的玻璃管中,從而釋放出一種氣體,他將其稱為「無燃素氣」(英語:dephlogisticated air)。[7]他注意到,蠟燭在這一氣體中燃燒得更加旺盛,老鼠在呼吸此氣時顯得更加活躍,存活的時間也更長。在自己吸入「無燃素氣」後,普利斯特里寫道:「它在肺中的感覺和普通空氣無異,但一段時間內我感到胸腔格外輕盈舒適,頗感良好。」[16]這些發現在1775年發表的論文《對空氣的進一步發現》(英語:An Account of Further Discoveries in Air)中有所記載。[13][20]由於普利斯特里比舍勒更早發表論文,因此常被稱為氧氣的最早發現者。
拉瓦節觀察到,在密封容器中對錫和空氣加熱後,總重量並沒有增加。[7]在打開容器時,空氣會迅速湧入。以此可推論,加熱過程消耗了容器中的部分空氣。他也注意到,錫的重量有所提升,且重量之差和湧入的空氣之重量相同。與此類似的實驗都記錄在拉瓦節1777年出版的著作《燃燒總論》(法語:Sur la combustion en général)中。[7]他證明空氣是兩種氣體的混合物:燃燒和呼吸過程所必需的「活氣」(法語:l'air vital),以及無助燃燒和呼吸的「死氣」(法語:azote,取自希臘語ἄζωτον,意為「無生命」),也就是氮氣。法語等某些歐洲語言至今仍稱氮氣為「azote」。[7]
^ 32.032.1Schmidt-Rohr, K. Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O2. J. Chem. Educ. 2015, 92: 2094–2099. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00333.
^Desgreniers, S.; Vohra, Y. K.; Ruoff, A. L. Optical response of very high density solid oxygen to 132 GPa. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94 (3): 1117–22. doi:10.1021/j100366a020.
^Evans, David Hudson; Claiborne, James B. The Physiology of Fishes 3rd. CRC Press. 2005: 88. ISBN 0-8493-2022-4.
^Lide, David R. Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, and critical temperatures of the elements. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 84th. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8493-0595-0.
^取自H.W. Harvey, The Chemistry and Fertility of Sea Waters, 1955,引用C.J.J. Fox, "On the coefficients of absorption of atmospheric gases in sea water", Publ. Circ. Cons. Explor. Mer, no. 41, 1907。Harvey注釋稱,根據《自然》雜誌上的論文,該數值比正確數值高出3%左右。
^ 70.070.1Normal Reference Range Table互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-12-25. from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
^ 72.072.1Crowe, S. A.; Døssing, L. N.; Beukes, N. J.; Bau, M.; Kruger, S. J.; Frei, R.; Canfield, D. E. Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago. Nature. 2013, 501 (7468): 535–538. PMID 24067713. doi:10.1038/nature12426.
^Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. Biology 7th. San Francisco: Pearson – Benjamin Cummings. 2005: 522–23. ISBN 0-8053-7171-0.
^Freeman, Scott. Biological Science, 2nd. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson – Prentice Hall. 2005: 214, 586. ISBN 0-13-140941-7.
^Webb JT; Olson RM; Krutz RW; Dixon G; Barnicott PT. Human tolerance to 100% oxygen at 9.5 psia during five daily simulated 8-hour EVA exposures. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1989, 60 (5): 415–21. PMID 2730484. doi:10.4271/881071.
^Dharmeshkumar N Patel; Ashish Goel; SB Agarwal; Praveenkumar Garg; et al. Oxygen Toxicity(PDF). Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine. 2003, 4 (3): 234 [2017-07-13]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2015-09-22).
^ 120.0120.1120.2Werley, Barry L. (编). ASTM Technical Professional training. Fire Hazards in Oxygen Systems (Philadelphia: ASTM International Subcommittee G-4.05). 1991.
^Report of Apollo 204 Review Board NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Office, NASA HQ, Washington, DC
^Chiles, James R. Inviting Disaster: Lessons from the edge of Technology: An inside look at catastrophes and why they happen. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. 2001. ISBN 0-06-662082-1.
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. Biology of Plants 7th. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers. 2005: 115–27. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
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