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核酸

兩個主要的核酸的比較:RNA (左) 和 DNA (右),顯示分別的螺旋结构和核鹼基

核酸(英語:nucleic acid)是一种通常位于细胞内的大型生物分子,主要負責生物体遗传信息的携带和传递。核酸有兩大類,分別是脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)。

核酸的单体结构为核苷酸。每一个核苷酸分子由三部分组成:一个五碳糖、一个含氮鹼基和一个或多个磷酸基团。如果其五碳糖是去氧核糖則為去氧核糖核苷酸,此單體之聚合物是DNA。如果其五碳糖是核糖則為核糖核苷酸,此單體之聚合物是RNA

核酸是最重要的生物大分子(其余为胺基酸/蛋白质醣類/碳水化合物脂质/脂肪)。它们大量存在于所有生物,功能有编码、传递和表达遗传信息。换句话说,遺傳訊息通过核酸序列被传递。DNA分子含有生物物种的所有遗传信息,为双链分子,其中大多数是链状结构大分子,也有少部分呈环状结构,分子量一般都很大。RNA主要是负责DNA遗传信息的翻译和表达,为单链分子,分子量要比DNA小得多。

核酸存在于所有动植物细胞、微生物病毒噬菌体内,是生命的最基本物质之一,对生物的成长遗传变异等现象起着重要的决定作用。

研究历史

瑞士科学家弗雷德里希·米歇爾于1869年发现核酸(DNA)。[2] 之后,他提出它们可参与遗传的想法。[3]

核酸实验研究构成了现代生物学医学研究的重要组成部分,形成了基因组法医学,以及生物技术制药行业的基础[7][8][9]

核酸类型

核酸可以分为脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)、核糖核酸(RNA),以及人工合成的核酸类似物。

脱氧核糖核酸

脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)。

脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)是由脱氧核糖核苷酸构成的一种核酸。其主要负责生物体遗传信息的携带。组成DNA的碱基有四种:腺嘌呤(A)、鸟嘌呤(G)、胸腺嘧啶(T)与胞嘧啶(C)。DNA主要为双链构成的双螺旋结构,但病毒中也有单链DNA[4]。利用体外分子进化技术,也可合成出类似核酶脱氧核酶[10]

核糖核酸

核糖核酸(RNA)由核糖核苷酸构成,其功能包括遗传信息的传递核酶等,而一些病毒使用RNA携带遗传信息。组成RNA的碱基中,尿嘧啶(U)代替了胸腺嘧啶。RNA一般为单链。


DNA與RNA的比較
項目 DNA RNA 解說
組成主幹之糖類分子[11] 2-去氧核糖磷酸 核糖和磷酸
骨架結構 规则的[需要較佳来源][12]:50双螺旋结构[13] 单螺旋结构[需要較佳来源][13]茎环结构[4] 即脱氧核糖核酸由两条脱氧核苷酸链构成,而核糖核酸由一条核糖核苷酸链构成。[12]:49
核苷酸 通常上百萬 通常數百至數千個
鹼基種類[14][13] 腺嘌呤(A)··· 胸腺嘧啶(T)
胞嘧啶(C)··· 鳥嘌呤(G)
腺嘌呤(A)··· 尿嘧啶(U)
胞嘧啶(C)··· 鳥嘌呤(G)
除部分例外,DNA為胸腺嘧啶(5-甲基尿嘧啶),RNA為尿嘧啶,使RNA更易被水解。
五碳糖種類[13] 脫氧核醣 核醣
五碳糖連接組成分 氫原子 羟基 五碳糖的第二個原子上連接的組成分不同。
存在于(对于真核细胞而言)[13] 细胞核(少量存在于线粒体叶绿体 细胞质


核酸类似物

除此之外,也可以通过人工合成出核酸类似物英语Nucleic_acid_analogue(Nucleic acid analogues)。如肽核酸锁核酸GNA苏糖核酸等。核酸类似物通过不同的分子骨架而与自然产生的DNA或RNA区分开来。

结构和组成

组成

核酸由核苷酸组成,而核苷酸又是由含氮碱基五碳糖磷酸基构成。

核苷酸的结构及所有常规的碱基

核苷酸

核酸的单体结构为核苷酸。每一个核苷酸分子有三部分组成:一个含氮碱基,一个五碳糖和一个或多个磷酸基团。由含氮碱基和五碳糖组成的结构叫做核苷

碱基

含氮碱基是两种母体分子嘌呤嘧啶的衍生物。一般,组成核酸的碱基有五种,分别是:

除了以上五种碱基之外,部分核酸还含有特殊碱基。即稀有碱基。

核苷

核苷是由含氮碱基和戊糖组成的糖苷[5]。核苷加上一个磷酸基就是核苷酸。

结构

核酸的四大结构示意图。

核酸的结构可分为一级结构二级结构三级结构四级结构

一级结构

核酸的链上各核苷酸残基的排列顺序被称作核酸的一级结构,即核酸序列。核酸序列在生物学中非常重要,它们不仅能区分核酸,还带有编码所有生物分子、分子装配体、亚细胞的和细胞的结构器官的信息,和生物体的最终指令。

二级结构

三级结构

四级结构

参考资料

  1. ^ Dahm, R. Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research. Human Genetics. January 2008, 122 (6): 565–81. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 17901982. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0. 
  2. ^ He called them nuclein.
  3. ^ Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, Broadway Books, 2005, p. 500.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Setubal, João Carlos. Meidanis, João. Introduction to computational molecular biology. 主编 聂理.《分子生物学导论》. World Pub. Corperation. 2003 [2020-07-12]. ISBN 7-5062-6574-5. OCLC 880306796. (原始内容存档于2020-06-13).  引用错误:带有name属性“分子生物学导论”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Yang, Jianxiong, 1954-; 杨建雄, 1954-. Fen zi sheng wu xue. 分子生物学(第二版) Di er ban. Beijing Shi. ISBN 7-03-045212-7. OCLC 950961809. 
  6. ^ DNA Structure. What is DNA. Linda Clarks. [6 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-24). 
  7. ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. (PDF). Nature. 2001, 409 (6822): 860–921 [2015-11-20]. PMID 11237011. doi:10.1038/35057062. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-07-12). 
  8. ^ Venter, JC; et al. The sequence of the human genome. (PDF). Science. 2001, 291 (5507): 1304–1351 [2015-11-20]. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. PMID 11181995. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-07-13). 
  9. ^ Budowle B, van Daal A. Extracting evidence from forensic DNA analyses: future molecular biology directions. BioTechniques. April 2009, 46 (5): 339–40, 342–50. PMID 19480629. doi:10.2144/000113136. 
  10. ^ 俞海国; 赵晓东; 等. 脱氧核酶的研究进展. 国外医学:分子生物学分册. 2002, 24 (3): 155–157 [2020-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  11. ^ Berg J., Tymoczko J. and Stryer L. (2002) Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company ISBN 0-7167-4955-6
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 薛金星. 中学教材全解 工具版 高中生物必修1 分子与细胞. 陕西人民教育出版社. ISBN 9787545015751. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 人民教育出版社. 生物1 必修 分子与细胞. ISBN 9787107176708. 
  14. ^ 生命的螺旋-DNA與RNA. 國立科學工藝博物館. 

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