厭氧生物

圖爲5支培養有不同種類微生物的試管。試管內的培養基爲巰基乙酸肉湯
1中培養的是專性需氧微生物。因爲它們不能進行發酵及無氧呼吸,所以它們浮在了氧含量最高的上層。
2中培養的是專性厭氧微生物。因爲它們體內因無過氧化氫酶等物質無法在有氧條件下存活,故浮在氧含量最低的下層。
3中培養的是兼性厭氧菌。它們既可以在有氧條件下也能夠在無氧條件下生存,所以它們分佈在試管培養基上的各處。但因爲有氧呼吸較無氧呼吸能產生更多的ATP(三磷酸腺苷),故更多的菌體分佈在上層。
4中培養的是微需氧微生物。它們不能進行發酵及無氧呼吸,也不能在高氧濃度環境中存活,故它們浮在試管中上層。
5中培養的是耐氧厭氧生物。這種細菌不能進行有氧呼吸,但卻可以在高氧濃度環境下存活,所以它們均勻地分佈在試管培養基上各處。

厭氧生物(英語:Anaerobic organism,或是anaerobe),是指一種不需要氧氣生長的生物。牠們大致上可以分為三種,即專性厭氧生物[1][2]兼性厭氧生物[3]耐氧厭氧生物[3] 。人體內的厭氧生物多存在於消化系統中,有些種類的厭氧細菌會產生毒素。[4]

厭氧生物可以是單細胞的(例如原生生物[5]細菌[6]),但也可以是多細胞的(例如一些多毛綱生物)[7][8]

專性厭氧生物

當暴露於有氧氣的環境之下,有些厭氧生物會死亡。這種生物稱為「專性厭氧生物」,牠們是以發酵無氧呼吸生存。在有氧的環境下,專性厭氧生物會出現缺乏超氧化物歧化酶過氧化氫酶的情況,這些可以幫助移走專性厭氧生物細胞內致命的超氧化物

兼性厭氧生物

兼性厭氧生物是可以在有氧的環境中,利用當中的氧氣進行有氧呼吸。但當在沒有氧氣的環境下,牠們部份 會進行發酵,而部份則進行無氧呼吸。影響作用轉換的條件是氧氣及可發酵物質的濃度。例如當有可發酵的糖給予啤酒酵母時,牠的可觀察氧氣消耗會立即停止,這稱為「巴斯德變異」。這是由於對比所產生的能量,用作呼吸作用而消耗的能量很多而不值得進行;直至當可發酵的物質出現,縱然從發酵所產生的能量遠低於呼吸所產生的能量,啤酒酵母仍會選擇進行發酵。這種由呼吸轉變為發酵的過程相比逆向的過程為快,因為牠已習慣透過發酵生長,粒線體需要時間來起動所致。

兼性厭氧細菌的例子有葡萄球菌屬棒狀桿菌屬英语Corynebacterium李斯特菌屬英语Listeria等,而真菌中的酵母亦是兼性厭氧的。

耐氧厭氧生物

耐氧厭氧生物可以在有氧氣環境生存,但牠們不會使用氧氣作為最終電子受體英语terminal electron acceptor。所有的耐氧厭氧生物都是進行發酵的。

發酵

厭氧生物有多種的發酵作用路徑,其中最常見的是乳酸發酵路徑:

C6H12O6 + 2二磷酸腺苷(ADP) + 2磷酸鹽→ 2乳酸 + 2三磷酸腺苷(ATP)

此反應每摩爾所釋放的能量約為150kJ,並保存在ATP中。在無氧呼吸中每一個單糖分子所釋出的能量只有有氧呼吸的5%。

當氧氣有所限制時,植物真菌一般都是使用乙醇發酵:

C6H12O6 + 2二磷酸腺苷 + 2磷酸鹽→ 2 C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2三磷酸腺苷

所釋放而保存在ATP中的能量約為每摩爾180kJ。

厭氧細菌及古細菌會使用其他的發酵路徑,如丙酸發酵、丁酸發酵、溶劑發酵、混合酸發酵、丁四醇發酵英语Butanediol fermentation氨基酸發酵英语Stickland fermentation乙酸生成英语Acetogenesis甲烷生成。有些厭氧細菌會生成危害較高等次生物(包括人類)的毒素,如破傷風毒素英语tetanus toxin肉毒桿菌素

參見

参考文献

  1. ^ Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA. Microbiology 3rd. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 1996: 130–131. ISBN 0-697-29390-4. 
  2. ^ Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology 24th. McGraw Hill. 2007: 307–312. ISBN 0-07-128735-3. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Hogg, S. Essential Microbiology 1st. Wiley. 2005: 99-100. ISBN 0-471-49754-1. 
  4. ^ Anaerobic bacteria – Overview. [2014-03-30]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-17). 
  5. ^ Upcroft P, Upcroft JA. Drug Targets and Mechanisms of Resistance in the Anaerobic Protozoa. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2001, 14 (1): 150–164. PMC 88967可免费查阅. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001. 
  6. ^ Levinson, W. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology 11th. McGraw-Hill. 2010: 91–93. ISBN 978-0-07-174268-9. 
  7. ^ Schöttler, U. On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of Nereis (Annelida) (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. November 30, 1979, 1: 249–54 [February 14, 2010]. ISSN 1616-1599. doi:10.3354/meps001249. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-12-12). 
  8. ^ Roberts, Larry S., John Janovay. Foundations of Parasitology 7th. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2005: 405–407. 

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