氧的同位素

主要的氧同位素
同位素 衰變
丰度 半衰期 (t1/2) 方式 能量
MeV
產物
15O 痕量 122.266  β+ 1.732 15N
16O 99.757% 穩定,帶8粒中子
17O 0.038% 穩定,帶9粒中子
18O 0.205% 穩定,帶10粒中子
標準原子質量英语Standard atomic weight (Ar, 標準)
  • [15.9990315.99977][1]
  • 傳統: 15.999
←N7 F9

原子量:15.9994)共有18個已知同位素質量數介於11-28之間,其中有3個是穩定的,分別是16O、17O、18O,其中以16O占天然氧的絕大部分,豐度為99.76%。在氧的放射性同位素当中,15O半衰期最长,达122.266秒;而原子核滴线外的11O半衰期最短,只有1.98×10-22秒,但目前仍未测量同处原子核滴线外的27O和28O的半衰期。[2]

圖表

符號 Z N 同位素質量(u
[n 1]
半衰期
[n 1]
衰變
方式
[3]
衰變
產物

[n 2]
原子核
自旋[n 3]
相對豐度
莫耳分率)[n 1]
相對豐度
的變化量
莫耳分率)
11O[4] 8 3 11.05125(6) 1.98(22)×10−22 s
[2.31±0.14 MeV]
2p 9C (3/2−)
12O 8 4 12.034405(20) 580(30)×10−24 s
[0.40(25) MeV]
2p (60.0%) 10C 0+
p (40.0%) 11N
13O 8 5 13.024812(10) 8.58(5) ms β+ (89.1%) 13
N
(3/2−)
β+, p (10.9%) 12
C
14O 8 6 14.00859625(12) 70.598(18) s β+ 14
N
0+
15O 8 7 15.0030656(5) 122.24(16) s β+ 15N 1/2−
16O[n 4] 8 8 15.994914619257(319) 稳定 0+ 0.99757(16) 0.99738–0.99776
17O[n 5] 8 9 16.999131755953(692) 稳定 5/2+ 3.8(1)×10−4 3.7×10−4–4.0×10−4
18
O
[n 4][n 6]
8 10 17.999159612136(690) 穩定 0+ 2.05(14)×10−3 1.88×10−3–2.22×10−3
19O 8 11 19.003580(3) 26.464(9) s β 19F 5/2+
20O 8 12 20.0040767(12) 13.51(5) s β 20F 0+
21O 8 13 21.008656(13) 3.42(10) s β 21F (5/2+)
22O 8 14 22.00997(6) 2.25(15) s β (78.0%) 22F 0+
β, n (22.0%) 21F
23O 8 15 23.01569(13) 82(37) ms β, n (57.99%) 22F 1/2+
β (42.0%) 23F
24O 8 16 24.02047(25) 77.4(45) ms β, n (57.99%) 23F 0+
β (42.01%) 24F
25O 8 17 25.02934(18) 5.18(35) zs n 24O 3/2+#
26O 8 18 26.03721(18) 4.2(3.3) ps 2n 24O 0+
27O[2] 8 19 3n 24O
28O[2] 8 20 4n 24O 0+
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 用括號括起來的數據代表不確定性。
  2. ^ 穩定的衰變產物以粗體表示。
  3. ^ 畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明,僅為理論推測。
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 16O和18O之间的比例用于测量δ18O
  5. ^ 可用于代谢途径的NMR研究
  6. ^ 可用于研究某些代谢途径

穩定同位素

在大質量恆星的老年期,16O於氧殼合成,17O於氫殼合成,18O於氦殼合成。

氧的3種穩定同位素16O、17O、18O,其中16O最多,豐度為99.762 %[5]

16O的豐度最大可以由恒星演化論解釋。大爆炸產生宇宙時僅形成了元素,其他元素都是透過後來的恒星中進行的核聚變反應合成的[6]。在恒星内,質子-質子鏈反應碳氮氧循環首先進行,「燃燒」產生。隨着燒氫的進行,核在自身重力下收縮,中心温度上昇,當温度超過約1億K時,「燃燒」氦的3氦過程開始,由此產生12C,然後又與氦(4He)原子核反應生成16O。大部分的16O由此產生。

17O的豐度為0.037%,18O為0.204%,是微量的穩定同位素。17O主要是在恆星的碳氮氧循環中,氫燃燒產生氦時合成的[6]。而18O是14N捕獲4He合成的(14N由碳氮氧循環產生)。因此,17O主要於恒星的氫殼富集,18O主要於恒星的氦殼富集。[6]

放射性同位素

氧有十三种放射性同位素已获得表征,其中最稳定的是半衰期122.24秒的15O和半衰期70.606秒的14O。[5]剩下的放射性同位素的半衰期都小于27秒,大部分甚至小于0.1秒。[5]半衰期77.4毫秒的24O和28Ne都被用于研究中子星表面的核反应。[7]对于轻于稳定同位素的氧同位素,它们最常见的衰变模式β+衰变[8][9][10]而较重的同位素则通过β衰变衰变成

氧-15

氧-15是氧的放射性同位素,常以氧-15水英语15O-water的形式用于正电子断层扫描(PET)的心肌灌注成像英语Myocardial perfusion imaging成像。[11][12]它有8个质子和7个中子,原子量为15.0030654 amu,半衰期122.24秒。[13]氧-15可以由在回旋加速器中用轰击氮-14而成。[14]

氧-15和氮-13分别由γ射线把大气中的氧-16和氮-14的一个中子轰掉而成:[15]

16O + γ → 15O + n
14N + γ → 13N + n

氧-15会以约两分钟的半衰期衰变成氮-15,并放出一个正电子。这个正电子迅速和一个电子湮灭,并产生两个能量约为511 keV的γ射线。这些低能量的γ射线只能在空气中移动90米。它和来自氮-13的正电子产生的γ射线一样只能在一分钟内左右检测到,因为15O和13N的“云”会随风飘散。[16]


同位素列表
氮的同位素 氧的同位素 氟的同位素

参考文献

  1. ^ Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kondo, Y.; Achouri, N. L.; Falou, H. Al; et al. First observation of 28O. Nature (Springer Science and Business Media LLC). 2023-08-30, 620 (7976): 965–970. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06352-6. 
  3. ^ Universal Nuclide Chart需要免费注册. Nucleonica. [2014-12-02]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-19). 
  4. ^ Webb, T. B.; et al. First Observation of Unbound 11O, the Mirror of the Halo Nucleus 11Li. Physical Review Letters. 2019, 122 (12): 122501–1—122501–7. arXiv:1812.08880可免费查阅. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.122501. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Oxygen Nuclides / Isotopes. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. [2007-12-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-18). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Meyer, B.S. NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND GALACTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE ISOTOPES OF OXYGEN (PDF). Proceedings of the NASA Cosmochemistry Program and the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Workgroup on Oxygen in the Earliest Solar System. Gatlinburg, Tennessee. September 19–21, 2005 [2007-12-23]. 9022. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-12-29). 
  7. ^ Berry, D.K; Horowitz, C.J. Fusion of neutron rich oxygen isotopes in the crust of accreting neutron stars. April 2008 [2023-09-08]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.77.045807. (原始内容存档于2023-09-23). 
  8. ^ NUDAT. [2009-07-06]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-24). 
  9. ^ NUDAT. [2009-07-06]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-24). 
  10. ^ NUDAT. [2009-07-06]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-21). 
  11. ^ Rischpler, Christoph; Higuchi, Takahiro; Nekolla, Stephan G. Current and Future Status of PET Myocardial Perfusion Tracers. Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports. 22 November 2014, 8 (1): 333–343. doi:10.1007/s12410-014-9303-z. 
  12. ^ Kim, E. Edmund; Lee, Myung-Chul; Inoue, Tomio; Wong, Wai-Hoi. Clinical PET and PET/CT: Principles and Applications. Springer. 2012: 182 [2022-02-10]. ISBN 9781441908025. (原始内容存档于2022-02-10) (英语). 
  13. ^ oxygen 15 - definition of oxygen 15 by Medical dictionary. Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. [2014-12-02]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-10). 
  14. ^ Production of PET Radionuclides. Austin Hospital, Austin Health. [6 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于15 January 2013). 
  15. ^ Timmer, John. Lightning strikes leave behind a radioactive cloud. Ars Technica. 25 November 2017 [2022-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-10) (美国英语). 
  16. ^ Teruaki Enoto; et al. Photonuclear reactions triggered by lightning discharge. Nature. Nov 23, 2017, 551 (7681): 481–484. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..481E. PMID 29168803. arXiv:1711.08044可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nature24630. 

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