鈀的同位素

主要的鈀同位素
同位素 衰變
丰度 半衰期 (t1/2) 方式 能量
MeV
產物
102Pd 1.02% 穩定,帶56粒中子
103Pd 人造 16.991  ε 0.575 103Rh
104Pd 11.14% 穩定,帶58粒中子
105Pd 22.33% 穩定,帶59粒中子
106Pd 27.33% 穩定,帶60粒中子
107Pd 痕量 6.5×106  β 0.034 107Ag
108Pd 26.46% 穩定,帶62粒中子
109Pd 人造 13.59 小时 β 1.113 109Ag
110Pd 11.72% 穩定,帶64粒中子
標準原子質量英语Standard atomic weight (Ar, 標準)
←Rh45 Ag47

原子量:106.42)共有52個同位素,從90
Pd
131
Pd
[2],在這些同位素中,有6個同位素是穩定的,其中有2個屬於觀測上穩定,理論上有放射性[3],天然存在的鈀也由這六種同位素構成,其中106
Pd
豐度最高,有27.33%、其次是108
Pd
佔26.46%,再來是105
Pd
佔22.33%、110
Pd
佔11.72%、104
Pd
佔11.14%、以及102
Pd
佔1.02%,其餘皆為放射性同位素,其中最穩定的是107
Pd
半衰期有650萬年,但並不存於自然界中,其次是103
Pd
,半衰期有17天,再來還有100
Pd
半衰期只有3天,其餘半衰期皆小於三十分鐘,除了101
Pd
(半衰期:8.47小時)、109
Pd
(半衰期:13.7小時)、和112
Pd
(半衰期:21小時)[4]

鈀-103

鈀-103是鈀的一種人造放射性同位素,質量欠缺約為-87.4826 MeV、半衰期為16天[5],會經由电子俘获衰變為103
Rh
,並釋放能量為21 keV的伽马射线光子。鈀-103可使用粒子回旋加速器鈀-102銠-103來制備。

鈀-103有一種核同質異能素,103m
Pd
,激發能量為784.79 keV,但半衰期十分短,只有25奈秒[6]

鈀-103在醫學上經常用來進行一些放射性治療,例如前列腺癌[7]以及葡萄膜黑色素瘤英语Uveal melanoma

鈀-107

长寿命裂变产物
项:
单位:
t½
Ma
产额
%
Q*
KeV
βγ
*
99Tc 0.211 6.1385 294 β
126Sn 0.230 0.1084 4050 βγ
79Se 0.295 0.0447 151 β
135Cs 1.33 6.9110 269 β
93Zr 1.53 5.4575 91 βγ
107Pd 6.5  1.2499 33 β
129I 15.7  0.8410 194 βγ

鈀-107是一種鈀的放射性同位素,帶61個中子,是除了穩定以及觀測上穩定的同位素之外最穩定的鈀同位素,半衰期長達六百五十萬年[5],也是鈀的放射性同位素中,放射性最弱的同位素,半衰能量只有33 KeV, 比放射能英语specific activity也只有 5×10−5 Ci/g,在七個長壽命裂變產物中亦然,会經過純β衰變、不釋放伽瑪射線,衰變成银-107。

107
Pd
107
Ag
的衰變產物,首次於1978年[8]在1976年的聖克拉拉隕石[9]中發現。雖然鈀-107具有很長的半衰期,但實際上並未存於自然界中,也不是痕量元素。此外,鈀-107除了基態之外還有兩種核同質異能素:107m1
Pd
107m2
Pd
,但半衰期都落在一分鐘以下[6]

鈀-107鈾-235利用熱中子誘發裂變每次裂變的產率只有0.1629%,其他有1/4的碘-129、1/40的鎝-99英语Technetium-99鋯-93銫-135,而從鈾-233的誘發裂變的產量較低,但從鈽-239的誘發裂變的產量則高很多,有3.3%,在快速裂變或較重的原子核裂變中,通常會有比較高的產量。

根據含有鈀的裂變產物[10]104Pd (16.9%)、105Pd (29.3%)、106Pd (21.3%)、107Pd (17%)、108Pd (11.7%)和110Pd (3.8%),也有其他文獻指出,經由鈾-235裂變產生的鈀-107有9.2%、從鈾-233的有11.8%,而從鈽-239的有20.4%。

圖表

符號 Z N 同位素質量(u[11]
[n 1][n 2]
半衰期
[n 1][n 2]
衰變
方式
[6]
衰變
產物

[n 3]
原子核
自旋[n 1]
相對豐度
莫耳分率)[n 2]
相對豐度
的變化量
莫耳分率)
激發能量[n 1][n 2]
91Pd 46 45 90.94911(61)# 10# ms [>1.5 µs] β+ 91Rh 7/2+#
92Pd 46 46 91.94042(54)# 1.1(3) s [0.7(+4-2) s] β+ 92Rh 0+
93Pd 46 47 92.93591(43)# 1.07(12) s β+ 93Rh (9/2+)
93mPd 0+X keV 9.3(+25-17) s
94Pd 46 48 93.92877(43)# 9.0(5) s β+ 94Rh 0+
94mPd 4884.4(5) keV 530(10) ns (14+)
95Pd 46 49 94.92469(43)# 10# s β+ 95Rh 9/2+#
95mPd 1860(500)# keV 13.3(3) s β+ (94.1%) 95Rh (21/2+)
IT (5%) 95Pd
β+, p (.9%) 94Ru
96Pd 46 50 95.91816(16) 122(2) s β+ 96Rh 0+
96mPd 2530.8(1) keV 1.81(1) µs 8+
97Pd 46 51 96.91648(32) 3.10(9) min β+ 97Rh 5/2+#
98Pd 46 52 97.912721(23) 17.7(3) min β+ 98Rh 0+
99Pd 46 53 98.911768(16) 21.4(2) min β+ 99Rh (5/2)+
100Pd 46 54 99.908506(12) 3.63(9) d ε 100Rh 0+
101Pd 46 55 100.908289(19) 8.47(6) h β+ 101Rh 5/2+
102Pd 46 56 101.905609(3) 觀測上穩定[n 4] 0+ 0.0102(1)
103Pd[n 5] 46 57 102.906087(3) 16.991(19) d ε 103Rh 5/2+
103mPd 784.79(10) keV 25(2) ns 11/2-
104Pd 46 58 103.904036(4) 稳定 0+ 0.1114(8)
105Pd[n 6] 46 59 104.905085(4) 稳定 5/2+ 0.2233(8)
106
Pd
[n 6]
46 60 105.903486(4) 稳定 0+ 0.2733(3)
107Pd[n 7] 46 61 106.905133(4) 6.5(3)×106 a β 107Ag 5/2+
107m1Pd 115.74(12) keV 0.85(10) µs 1/2+
107m2Pd 214.6(3) keV 21.3(5) s IT 107Pd 11/2-
108Pd[n 6] 46 62 107.903892(4) 稳定 0+ 0.2646(9)
109Pd[n 6] 46 63 108.905950(4) 13.7012(24) h β 109mAg 5/2+
109m1Pd 113.400(10) keV 380(50) ns 1/2+
109m2Pd 188.990(10) keV 4.696(3) min IT 109Pd 11/2-
110Pd[n 6] 46 64 109.905153(12) 觀測上穩定[n 8] 0+ 0.1172(9)
111Pd 46 65 110.907671(12) 23.4(2) min β 111mAg 5/2+
111mPd 172.18(8) keV 5.5(1) h IT 111Pd 11/2-
β 111mAg
112Pd 46 66 111.907314(19) 21.03(5) h β 112Ag 0+
113Pd 46 67 112.91015(4) 93(5) s β 113mAg (5/2+)
113mPd 81.1(3) keV 0.3(1) s IT 113Pd (9/2-)
114Pd 46 68 113.910363(25) 2.42(6) min β 114Ag 0+
115Pd 46 69 114.91368(7) 25(2) s β 115mAg (5/2+)#
115mPd 89.18(25) keV 50(3) s β (92%) 115Ag (11/2-)#
IT (8%) 115Pd
116Pd 46 70 115.91416(6) 11.8(4) s β 116Ag 0+
117Pd 46 71 116.91784(6) 4.3(3) s β 117mAg (5/2+)
117mPd 203.2(3) keV 19.1(7) ms IT 117Pd (11/2-)#
118Pd 46 72 117.91898(23) 1.9(1) s β 118Ag 0+
119Pd 46 73 118.92311(32)# 0.92(13) s β 119Ag
120Pd 46 74 119.92469(13) 0.5(1) s β 120Ag 0+
121Pd 46 75 120.92887(54)# 400# ms [>300 ns] β 121Ag
122Pd 46 76 121.93055(43)# 300# ms [>300 ns] β 122Ag 0+
123Pd 46 77 122.93493(64)# 200# ms [>300 ns] β 123Ag
124Pd 46 78 123.93688(54)# 100# ms [>300 ns] 0+
125Pd[12] 46 79
126Pd[13][14] 46 80 0+
126m1Pd 2023 keV 330 ns IT 126Pd 5-
126m2Pd 2110 keV 440 ns IT 126m1Pd 7-
128Pd[13][14] 46 82 0+
128mPd 2151 keV 5.8 µs IT 128Pd 8+
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明,僅為理論推測。
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 用括號括起來的數據代表不確定性。
  3. ^ 穩定的衰變產物以粗體表示。
  4. ^ 理論上會經由β+β+衰變,衰變成102Ru
  5. ^ 適用於醫療
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 核裂变产物
  7. ^ 長壽命裂變產物
  8. ^ 理論上會經由ββ衰變,衰變成110Cd,半衰期超過6×1017
同位素列表
銠的同位素 鈀的同位素 銀的同位素

参考文獻

  1. ^ Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  2. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 2021, 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. 
  3. ^ WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes. [失效連結]
  4. ^ Georges, Audi; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties. Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center). 2003, 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Winter, Mark. Isotopes of palladium. WebElements. The University of Sheffield and WebElements Ltd, UK. [4 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-17). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Universal Nuclide Chart需要免费注册. nucleonica. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-19). 
  7. ^ Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®). National Cancer Institute. 2014-04-08 [1 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-24). 
  8. ^ Kelly, W. R.; Gounelle, G. J.; Hutchison, R. Evidence for the existence of 107Pd in the early solar system. Geophysical Research Letters. 1978, 359 (1787): 1079–1082. Bibcode:2001RSPTA.359.1991R. doi:10.1098/rsta.2001.0893. 
  9. ^ Mexico's Meteorites (PDF). mexicogemstones.com. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-05-06). 
  10. ^ Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from High Level Radioactive Waste页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) POSSIBILITIES OF SEPARATION AND USE RE-EVALUATED By R. P. Bush AEA Technology, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England, Platinum Metals Rev., 1991, 35, (4), 202-208 [2015-9-16]
  11. ^ Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
  12. ^ Future Plan of the Experimental Program on Synthesizing the Heaviest Element at RIKEN页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Kosuke Morita
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Isomers in 128Pd and 126Pd: Evidence for a Robust Shell Closure at the Neutron Magic Number 82 in Exotic Palladium Isotopes; Physical Review Letters, 11/29/2013. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-01). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Experiments on neutron-rich atomic nuclei could help scientists to understand nuclear reactions in exploding stars; physorg.com, 11/29/2013. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-26). 

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